vtech/vtech.org

• ESP32-DEVKIT-V1
  • diagram
  • pinlist
  • vertical pins
• Instructions
• Project Expl
• = Running notes =
• esp32 + vtech baby monitor [2025-07-27 Sun]
• baby monitor [2025-09-03 Wed]
  • wireshark packets
  • my first headers look like WRONG! this was 0000, 0010, not 0000 0001
  • sample - data begins on byte 6!
    • packet analysis
  • vlc sdp file - this never worked!
  • file
• new notes vtech [2025-09-04 Thu]
  • working udp-tone2 claude
  • orig file to integrate
  • compairson bt tonegen and original:
  • variant tonegen with multicast
• circuit descr
• prompt
• voltage/adc test 1 [2025-09-02 Tue]
  • data
  • test2
  • after 1M bias both directions
  • after circuit swap (this is way worse)
• [2025-09-03 Wed]
  • funcgen
  • ok ran some basic tests
  • python plot simple - see final version ~/Documents/Arduino/udp-tone-ai/plots
  • putty output
    • other variants untested
  • data
• Mic branch [2026-04-19 Sun]
  • checklist
    • Bench Check
    • Confirm live circuit:
    • Verify power in isolation:
    • Verify s/w baseline
    • hardware cutover
    • bench-test the inmp441 off the existing esp32 power
  • inmp441 table
    • script
    • script2 - simple mic processing (ln160 ff)
    • script3 - hex dump version:
  • issue
• [2026-04-20 Mon]
  • successful hex word test of inmf441
  • to add
  • done
• Final Veersion mic.cpp
  • optimize:
• TODOs
• webserver

C:\Users\moses\Documents\Arduino\ migrated from notes.org [2026-04-19 Sun]

ESP32-DEVKIT-V1

diagram

---

EN | |_|̅ |_|̅ |_|̅ |_| | D23 VP | | D22 GPIO22 I2C_SCL VN | ┌─────────────┐ | TX0 UART D34 | │ │ | RXO UART D35 | │ │ | D21 GPIO21 I2C_SDA D32 | │ │ | D19 GPIO33 D33 | │ │ | D18 GPIO25 D25 | │ │ | D5 GPIO26 D26 | └─────────────┘ | TX2 D27 | | RX2 D14 | | D4 D12 | | D2 D13 | | D15 GND | | GND VN | | 3V3

---

en usb boot

pinlist

EN,VP,VN,D34,D35,D32,D33,D25,D26,D27,D14,D12,D13,GND,VN,3V3,GND,D15,D2,D4,RX2,TX2,D5,D18,D19,D21,RX0,TX0,D22,D23

vertical pins

EN VP VN D34 D35 D32 D33 D25 D26 D27 D14 D12 D13 GND VN

3V3 GND D15 D2 D4 RX2 TX2 D5 D18 D19 D21 RX0 TX0 D22 D23

Instructions

Plug-in ESP32 to PC Launch arduino IDE - load "ESP32 Dev Module" Upload sketch, will parse/compile/upload paladin defaults to COM3 (recall this workin in emacs but i forget) plink -serial COM3 -sercfg 115200 | tee-object -FilePath "plink.log" plink -serial COM3 -sercfg 115200 | tee-object -FilePath "plink.log"

Project Expl

intake raw sample words clock in, chop into frames convert sample rate/format wrap in rtp/udp send on schedule

= Running notes =

esp32 + vtech baby monitor [2025-07-27 Sun]

tap speaker to gpio36 need to power (vtech is 6V) esp32wroom vreg is 11 17c / 33 d323; it shoudl be able to take 6v ok consider adding a button to turn on/off the esp32 then add voltage divider bt

baby monitor [2025-09-03 Wed]

this baby monitor (vtech dm221-2) runs at 6V DC, i want to tap a 3V or 5V pin to run an esp32 so i can tap the speaker on an ADC and broadcast it over wifi. here's a pic of the board - i tested some pads and components:

SOT23-3 package: (1pin on top, two on bottom), commong for transistors, diodes, vreg

Q1 lone pin is 3.7V Q6 bottom pins are 3.17V (L) and 3.6V (R) TP20: 3.17V TP12: 3.17V TP21: 3.77V

i might be able to tap an LED? but those are more likely to be current limited right

• look for 3-pin regulators (SOT23) - middle pin is usually output
• check caps near the main processor - usually fed by the clean 3.3V rail
• that U401 chip in the upper section might be a regulator too

also maybe add a small decoupling cap (10uF) close to your tap point bc esp32s are kinda noisy when they boot

https://randomnerdtutorials.com/esp32-pinout-reference-gpios/

https://discord.com/api/webhooks/1411806429576429799/zRFcDio3B_BSxFQ8Rus2gMrJhkpC6olXCGgdZ71L3_7zAxsm2Cy86VBynUxcPNfwq4Xg

wireshark packets

https://support.adder.com/tiki/tiki-index.php?page=Network%3A+Using+Wireshark+to+check+if+IGMP+is+configured

• start collection on Ethernet3
• Do NOT leave this running!! Collect and STOP to analyze
• DisplayFilter is not CaptureFilter; default is collect all and display some! CaptureFilter syntax: https://wiki.wireshark.org/CaptureFilters#capture-filter-is-not-a-display-filter
• Create a CaptureFilter eg "src 192.168.1.145 and port 5004"
• DisplayFilter syntax eg "udp.port==5004 && ip.src==192.268.1.145"

add filter: ip.dst==224.0.0.0/4 IGMP should ounly show traffic to dest 239.255.x.x if someone's listening (me).

• first few bytes are packet headers! src/dest. bottom left pane, see "Data (172 bytes)" and click, it will highlight the bytes on the right pane. THIS is where your datagram headers are.

RTP headers: byte 0: 0x80 (v=2, p=0, x=0, cc=0) byte 1: 0x00 (m=0, pt=0 → pcmu) byte 2-3: sequence number (big endian) byte 4-7: timestamp (big endian) byte 8-11: ssrc (big endian, arbitrary)

first packet might look like (seq=1,ts=0,ssrc=0x12345678): 80 00 00 01 00 00 00 00 12 34 56 78

my first headers look like WRONG! this was 0000, 0010, not 0000 0001

d8 43 ae 28 55 33 6c c8 00 c8 d3 df after manual construction of headers: d8 43 ae 28 55 33 6c c8 00 c8 b4 b4

should be 0x80 0x00 00 01 00 00 00 01 12 34 56 78

d8 43 ae 28 55 33 6c c8 40 8a bd 80 08 00 45 00

sample - data begins on byte 6!

0000 d8 43 ae 28 55 33 6c c8 40 8a bd 80 08 00 45 00 0010 00 c8 94 45 00 00 40 11 61 9a c0 a8 01 91 c0 a8 0020 01 64 13 8c 13 8c 00 b4 2b 5b 80 00 94 43 00 fc 0030 a9 e0 12 34 56 78 ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff 0040 ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff 0050 ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff 0060 ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff 0070 ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff 0080 ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff 0090 ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff 00a0 ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff 00b0 ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff 00c0 ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff 00d0 ff ff ff ff ff ff ……

DOIT ESP32 DEVKIT V1 Serial: baud 115200

htons() "host-to-network short" converts a short integer from host byte order to network byte order, swapping bytes if needed, for 16-bit values.

htonl() "host-to-network long" converts u_long from host to TCP/IP network order (big-endian)

https://docs.espressif.com/projects/esp-idf/en/v4.4/esp32/api-reference/peripherals/adc.html

For ADC1, configure desired precision and attenuation by calling functions adc1_config_width() and adc1_config_channel_atten().

PCM5102 I2S DAC board?

8000d10f0122a96012345678a198929091969eb33f2319131011161e2fc7a599939091959dad4f261a131011151c2bdda89b949091949baaf92a1b141110141b285aac9c959190939aa6cd2e1d15111013192445b09e9691909398a2be341f1712101218213bb79f97929092979fb73b211

8000d1100122aa00123456781a264dae9d9591909399a4c5301e1611101318223eb49f9792909298a1bb371f17121012171f37bba198929091969eb33f2319131011161e2fc7a599939091959dad4f261a131011151c2bdda89b949091949baaf92a1b141110141b285aac9c959190939aa

8000d1110122aaa012345678131011151d2dcfa69a939091959cab5d281b141011141b2a79aa9b949190949ba8da2c1c151110131a264dae9d9591909399a4c5301e1611101318223eb49f9792909298a1bb371f17121012171f37bba198929091969eb33f2319131011161e2fc7a599939

packet analysis

you lost me. I'm seeing these two bits increment per-packet in byte 6 (first two bits belong to UDP header/checksum): [] [] 80 00 55 fe 00 35 [] [] 80 00 55 ff 00 35 [] [] 80 00 56 00 00 35 [] [] 80 00 56 00 01 35 this looks like bits 2-3 are simply incrementing per packet, which is exactly what our code says ("hdr->seq = htons(seq++)"), only q is whether that's correct?

here's what i'm seeing in the serial out: 80 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 12 34 56 78 80 00 00 01 00 00 00 a0 12 34 56 78 80 00 00 02 00 00 01 40 12 34 56 78 80 00 00 03 00 00 01 e0 12 34 56 78 80 00 00 04 00 00 02 80 12 34 56 78 80 00 00 05 00 00 03 20 12 34 56 78 80 00 00 06 00 00 03 c0 12 34 56 78 80 00 00 07 00 00 04 60 12 34 56 78 80 00 00 08 00 00 05 00 12 34 56 78

another few lines from WS (obv not the same packets): 80 00 08 61 00 05 3c a0 12 34 56 78 80 00 08 62 00 05 3d 40 12 34 56 78 80 00 08 63 00 05 3d e0 12 34 56 78

vlc sdp file - this never worked!

use rtp://192.168.1.100:5004

file

v=0 o=- 0 0 IN IP4 192.168.1.100 s=ESP32 Tone c=IN IP4 192.168.1.100 t=0 0 m=audio 5004 RTP/AVP 0 a=rtpmap:0 PCMU/8000 a=sendonly

new notes vtech [2025-09-04 Thu]

tone2 - claude claude tone works! check the ulaw function deeply, and packet vs payload formation - i dont see memcpy in the functioning tonegen code, just a raw feeding of the packet into the ulaw function, appending header, and firing it off?

Checklist:

• first 12 bytes: 80 00 SS SS TT TT TT TT XX XX XX XX
• packet length: 12 + 160 = 172 bytes
• inter-packet gap: ~20 ms
• seq monotonic +1; ts monotonic +160; stable ssrc
• vlc opens via rtp://@:5004 or sdp with a=rtpmap:0 PCMU/8000

working udp-tone2 claude

#include <WiFi.h> #include <WiFiUdp.h> #include <math.h> #include <driver/adc.h>

const char* ssid = "Fios-8EKF5"; const char* password = "hero816cars7050jon"; const char* DEST_IP = "192.168.1.100"; const int UDP_PORT = 5004;

const int OUTPUT_RATE = 8000; / 8kHz const int FRAME_SIZE = 160; / 20ms frames const float TONE_HZ = 440.0;

WiFiUDP udp; uint16_t seq = 0; uint32_t ts = 0;

struct rtp_hdr { uint8_t vpxcc; uint8_t mpt; uint16_t seq; uint32_t ts; uint32_t ssrc; };

static const int16_t exp_lut[256] = { 0,0,1,1,2,2,2,2,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4, 5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5, 6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6, 6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6, 7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7, 7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7, 7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7, 7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7 };

uint8_t linear2ulaw(int16_t pcm_val) { int sign = (pcm_val >> 8) & 0x80; if (sign) pcm_val = (short)-pcm_val; if (pcm_val > 32635) pcm_val = 32635; pcm_val = pcm_val + 0x84; int exponent = exp_lut[(pcm_val >> 7) & 0xFF]; int mantissa = (pcm_val >> (exponent + 3)) & 0x0F; return ~(sign | (exponent << 4) | mantissa); }

void setup() { Serial.begin(115200); WiFi.begin(ssid, password); while (WiFi.status() != WL_CONNECTED) { delay(500); Serial.print("."); } Serial.printf("\nconnected, ip=%s\n", WiFi.localIP().toString().c_str()); udp.begin(UDP_PORT); }

float phase = 0; const float phase_inc = 2.0 * M_PI * TONE_HZ / OUTPUT_RATE;

void loop() { static unsigned long last_send = 0; static const unsigned long FRAME_INTERVAL = 20; // 20ms

// only send if it's time unsigned long now = millis(); if (now - last_send < FRAME_INTERVAL) { yield(); return; }

uint8_t packet[12 + FRAME_SIZE]; int16_t samples[FRAME_SIZE];

// generate 20ms tone for (int i=0; i<FRAME_SIZE; i++){ samples[i] = (int16_t)(16000.0 * sinf(phase)); phase += phase_inc; if (phase > 2*M_PI) phase -= 2*M_PI; }

// µ-law encode for (int i=0; i<FRAME_SIZE; i++) packet[12+i] = linear2ulaw(samples[i]);

// build rtp header (fixed) rtp_hdr* hdr = (rtp_hdr*)packet; hdr->vpxcc = 0x80; / v=2, p=0, x=0, cc=0 hdr->mpt = 0x00; / m=0, pt=0 (PCMU) hdr->seq = htons(seq++); hdr->ts = htonl(ts); hdr->ssrc = htonl(0x12345678);

// send packet udp.beginPacket(DEST_IP, UDP_PORT); udp.write(packet, sizeof(packet)); udp.endPacket();

ts += FRAME_SIZE; last_send = now;

yield(); }

orig file to integrate

#include <WiFi.h> // #include <esp_wifi.h> #include <driver/i2s.h> // #include <lwip/sockets.h> #include <WiFiUdp.h>

const char* ssid = "Fios-8EKF5"; const char* password = "hero816cars7050jon"; const char* MULTICAST_IP = "239.255.0.1"; const char* DEST_IP = "192.168.1.100"; const int UDP_PORT = 5004; const int SAMPLE_RATE = 32000; const int OUTPUT_RATE = 8000; const int FRAME_SIZE = 160; static bool blink = false;

const i2s_port_t I2S_PORT = I2S_NUM_0; const adc1_channel_t ADC_CHANNEL = ADC1_CHANNEL_0; //gpio36

char id_str[17]; char status_id[32];

WiFiUDP udp; uint16_t seq = 0; uint32_t ts = 0;

// rtp header struct (minimal) struct rtp_hdr { uint8_t vpxcc; uint8_t mpt; uint16_t seq; uint32_t ts; uint32_t ssrc; };

// µ-law encode uint8_t linear2ulaw(int16_t pcm_val) { const int BIAS = 0x84; const int CLIP = 32635; int mask, seg, uval; pcm_val = pcm_val >> 2; // bitshift right 2^arg (2), unsure if this works? if pcm value is encoded if (pcm_val < 0) { pcm_val = -pcm_val; mask = 0x7F; } else mask = 0xFF; if (pcm_val > CLIP) pcm_val = CLIP; pcm_val += BIAS; seg = 7; for (int v = pcm_val; v > 0x3F; v >>= 1) seg–; uval = (seg << 4) | ((pcm_val >> (seg + 3)) & 0xF); return (uval ^ mask); }

void setup_i2s() { i2s_config_t cfg = { .mode = (i2s_mode_t)(I2S_MODE_MASTER | I2S_MODE_RX | I2S_MODE_ADC_BUILT_IN), .sample_rate = SAMPLE_RATE, .bits_per_sample = I2S_BITS_PER_SAMPLE_16BIT, .channel_format = I2S_CHANNEL_FMT_ONLY_LEFT, .communication_format = I2S_COMM_FORMAT_I2S_MSB, .intr_alloc_flags = 0, .dma_buf_count = 4, .dma_buf_len = 256, .use_apll = false, .tx_desc_auto_clear = true }; i2s_driver_install(I2S_PORT, &cfg, 0, NULL); i2s_set_adc_mode(ADC_UNIT_1, ADC_CHANNEL); i2s_adc_enable(I2S_PORT); }

void setup() { uint64_t chipid = ESP.getEfuseMac(); snprintf(id_str, sizeof(id_str), "%04X", (uint16_t)(chipid >>32));

Serial.begin(115200); /begin serial connection for debugging / delay(200); // pause for usb host WiFi.begin(ssid, password); Serial.printf("[wifi] "); while (WiFi.status() != WL_CONNECTED) { delay(500); Serial.print("."); } Serial.printf(" connected %s with ip %s\n", id_str, WiFi.localIP().toString().c_str());

setup_i2s(); Serial.printf("[udp] "); if (udp.begin(UDP_PORT)) { Serial.printf("listening on port %d\n", UDP_PORT); } else { Serial.println(" failed to bind\n"); } }

void loop() { int16_t samples[FRAME_SIZE*2]; // 320 samples @ 16kHz = 20ms; adc is tied to clock speed size_t bytes_read; i2s_read(I2S_PORT, (char*)samples, sizeof(samples), &bytes_read, portMAX_DELAY);

if (bytes_read == 0) { Serial.println("[i2s] no samples read\n"); return; }

uint8_t payload[FRAME_SIZE]; for (int i=0;i<FRAME_SIZE;i++) { payload[i] = linear2ulaw(samples[i*2]); // take every other sample to keep rtp stream at 8khz }

uint8_t packet[12+FRAME_SIZE]; // rtp_hdr hdr = (rtp_hdr)packet; rtp_hdr* hdr = (rtp_hdr*)packet; hdr->vpxcc = 0x80; / v=2 hdr->mpt = 0x00; / payload type 0 = PCMU hdr->seq = htons(seq++); hdr->ts = htonl(ts); hdr->ssrc = htonl(0x12345678); memcpy(packet+12, payload, FRAME_SIZE);

if (udp.beginPacket(DEST_IP, UDP_PORT)) { udp.write(packet, sizeof(packet)); udp.endPacket(); Serial.print("\r"); Serial.print(blink ? '.' : ' '); Serial.flush(); blink = !blink; };

ts += FRAME_SIZE; // 20ms worth of samples }

compairson bt tonegen and original:

loop()

• last_send, frame interval

samples[ framesize]

TODO variant tonegen with multicast

circuit descr

the adc (GPIO36) is connected to a vtech pm221 speaker through an RC circuit w/ voltage divider: SP+ to C1 to node A to R1 to node B to Rf to GPIO36; Node B to R2 to node c to SP-; Cf connects node c and node a. GPIO36 is biased with two 1M resistors connected to 3V3 and GND pins. C1 = 1 uF, Cf = 4.7nF, R1 = 22k, R2 = 10k, Rf = 1k SP+ — C1 — a — R1 — b — Rf — GPIO — d — 1M — GND

SP- ——— C2 ——— R2 1M — 3V3

prompt

gravity check this: esp32 script streams udp data (rtp) mode 1: send 440hz default on launch (works) mode 2: (toggle mode on tapping pin) stream from ADC pin

the adc (GPIO36) is connected to a vtech pm221 speaker through an RC circuit w/ voltage divider: SP+ to C1 to node A to R1 to node B to Rf to GPIO36; Node B to R2 to node c to SP-; Cf connects node c and node a. GPIO36 is biased with two 1M resistors connected to 3V3 and GND pins. C1 = 1 uF, Cf = 4.7nF, R1 = 22k, R2 = 10k, Rf = 1k ``` SP+ — C1 — a — R1 — b — Rf — GPIO — d — 1M — GND

SP- ——— Cf ——— R2 1M — 3V3 ```

need to troubleshoot this, either the circuit is wrong, or the ADC implementation. before i redesign the circuit again, i'd like to know how i can test the ADC to be sure it's working; how would i create a 440Hz tone i can feed to the ADC that would be interpreted by our algorithm? the program is right, because I can send the 440hz sine wave through it and it works! so it's almost certainly an issue with the cercuit.

voltage/adc test 1 [2025-09-02 Tue]

• GND and 43V3 show 4095 range is good! and we're sitting at the midpoint
• voltage is confirmed (3.3v at 3V3 and 0V at GND)
• SP+ and SP- sit at 1.6V; ADC sits at 1.6V when idle

data

switched to mic mode 4039-4095 3997-4095 3951-4095 4023-4095 4095-4095 0-1994 0-366 0-366 0-0 0-0 0-0 0-0 0-0 0-0 0-1087 1489-2135 1456-2150 1493-2257 1465-2636 1299-2598 1463-2177 1522-2191 1535-2261

test2

… connected, ip=192.168.1.145 tap pin 4 to switch modes switched to mic mode adcrange:0-4095(shouldvaryifcircuitworks) adcrange:0-4095(shouldvaryifcircuitworks) adcrange:2698-4095(shouldvaryifcircuitworks) adcrange:0-4095(shouldvaryifcircuitworks) adcrange:0-1690(shouldvaryifcircuitworks) adcrange:0-4095(shouldvaryifcircuitworks) adcrange:0-4095(shouldvaryifcircuitworks) adcrange:0-4095(shouldvaryifcircuitworks) adcrange:0-4095(shouldvaryifcircuitworks) adcrange:0-512(shouldvaryifcircuitworks) adcrange:0-4095(shouldvaryifcircuitworks) adcrange:375-4095(shouldvaryifcircuitworks) adcrange:0-4095(shouldvaryifcircuitworks) adcrange:0-3909(shouldvaryifcircuitworks) adcrange:0-4095(shouldvaryifcircuitworks) adcrange:0-4095(shouldvaryifcircuitworks) adcrange:3101-4095(shouldvaryifcircuitworks) adcrange:0-4095(shouldvaryfcircuitworks) adcrange:0-3101(shouldvaryifcircuitworks) adcrange:0-4095(shouldvaryifcircuitworks) adcrange:0-4095(shouldvaryifcircuitworks) adcrange:509-4095(shouldvaryifcircuitworks) adcrange:0-4095(shouldvaryifcircuitworks)

after 1M bias both directions

948-2559 1376-2645 1776-2866 1535-2976 1411-2640 895-2093 921-2638 1119-2496 1719-2878 1422-3535 1383-2812 1041-2290 991-2496 956-2641 1503-2837 1731-2797 1307-2951 1055-2778 976-2686 983-2559 1535-2870 1475-2987 1452-2896 812-2272 1019-2096 852-2596 1616-2867 1739-2805 1417-2734 951-2380 911-2245 855-2549 1611-2992 1733-3344 1236-2799 976-2190 1011-2503 959-2526 1702-2976 1489-2839 1215-3424 959-2206 956-2691 1214-2480 1645-2801 1437-2989 847-2551 1126-2176 849-2590 1486-2879 1655-2837 1424-2881 763-2232 976-2128 975-2734 1555-2876 1711-3258 1232-3037 1104-2457 808-2144 799-2854 1535-3453 1653-3236 1313-2811 934-2172 1006-2784 969-2588 1525-3474 1573-2872 1329-3504 829-2864 921-2156 1040-2542 1136-2985 1682-2921 1495-2895 1033-2694(shouldvar yifcircuitworks) 912-2123 998-2606 1294-2541 1617-3219 1390-3737 1383-2992 1023-2309 948-2391 1043-2490 1731-2804 1567-2835 1391-2976 917-2224 884-2262 1111-2534 1725-2976 1500-2797 1406-2653 787-2205 1023-2486 1189-2517 1580-2915 1509-2954

after circuit swap (this is way worse)

adc range: 0-602 (should vary if circuit works) adc range: 0-487 (should vary if circuit works) adc range: 0-400 (should vary if circuit works) adc range: 0-112 (should vary if circuit works) adc range: 0-621 (should vary if circuit works) adc range: 0-570 (should vary if circuit works) adc range: 0-659 (should vary if circuit works) adc range: 0-325 (should vary if circuit works) adc range: 0-63 (should vary if circuit works) adc range: 0-418 (should vary if circuit works)

[2025-09-03 Wed]

1687/1746 to 2041

… connected, ip=192.168.1.145 tap pin 4 to switch modes switched to mic mode adc range: 1746-1971 (should vary if circuit works) adc range: 1733-1966 (should vary if circuit works) adc range: 1754-1965 (should vary if circuit works) adc range: 1755-1965 (should vary if circuit works) adc range: 1702-2009 (should vary if circuit works) adc range: 1675-1957 (should vary if circuit works) adc range: 1696-2041 (should vary if circuit works) adc range: 1686-1962 (should vary if circuit works) adc range: 1741-2004 (should vary if circuit works) adc range: 1687-1965 (should vary if circuit works) adc range: 1735-1957 (should vary if circuit works) adc range: 1718-2031 (should vary if circuit works) adc range: 1714-2000 (should vary if circuit works)

funcgen

FG- to ESP32 ground FG+ to GPIO36, then to SP+ recognizable tone once DC offset turned on (~halfway bt 0/+) (anything above this resets ESP32) amplitude knob made little/no difference (too high resets the ESP32)

tone very choppy and not 440Hz no tone difference bt GPIO and SP+; either wired wrong (possible) or circuit is functioning (not impacting input)

i'm thinking, we shouldnt expect adc serialout to be useful, unless i send a value ~1Hz so let's generate that first: add a function to generate a 0.5 or .25Hz wave, so that we can see the ADC values change in the serial out; we should see values fluctuate between 0 and 4096, and if we sync the timing right, should get a proper sense of the range right?

ok ran some basic tests

• ADC confirmed w dmm: 3.3v when ADC-3V3 and 0V when ADC-GND
• SP+ and SP- sit at 1.6V; ADC sits at 1.6V when idle
• ADC shows 0 at GND and 4095 at 3V3; midpoint ~2k when idle, with some noise
• FG- to ESP32 ground; FG+ to GPIO36, then to SP+. recognizable tone once DC offset turned on (~halfway bt "0"/"+")

tone very choppy and not 440Hz, still comes in pulses where the audio cuts ~twice/sec. no tone difference bt connecting FG+ to GPIO vs SP+, indicating the code has more impact than the circuit. Upping to 540 and 640 Hz, I can hear streaming tone go up - good sign! However the ESP-generated 440Hz tone in tone_mode also walks around a bit - this could be another (separate) problem in the ulaw/packetization logic.

i removed the sampling limiter and moved the print to output adv_val directly after: samples[i] = int16_t)((adv_val-2048)*16); So this is actually upstream of packetization… but it's still crazy noisy, here's some data:

• 0.1Hz wave ranges from ~2100-2650, with noise usually +/-80, but spikes as big as 150 in both directions
• 1Hz wave ranges from ~2075-2650, with noise usually +/-80
• 440Hz wave is essentially unrecognizable, though sample rate is def playing a role; range is the same (2075-2750).

So we're currently using 25% of available bandwidth; need to scale ADC better. First, we need to look closely at the ADC reader/scale at lines 115-125: is this doing what we want?

    static int debug_counter = 0;
    int min_val = 4095, max_val = 0;
    for (int i = 0; i < FRAME_SIZE; i++) {
      int adc_val = adc1_get_raw(ADC1_CHANNEL_0);
      if (adc_val < min_val) min_val = adc_val;
      if (adc_val > max_val) max_val = adc_val;
      // convert 12-bit adc (0-4095) to signed 16-bit (-32768 to 32767)
      samples[i] = (int16_t)((adc_val - 2048) * 16); // center around 0, scale up
      Serial.printf("%d\n", adc_val); //remove
    }

Then, at the ulaw encoder:

uint8_t linear2ulaw(int16_t pcm_val) {
  int sign = (pcm_val >> 8) & 0x80;
  if (sign) pcm_val = (short)-pcm_val;
  if (pcm_val > 32635) pcm_val = 32635;
  pcm_val = pcm_val + 0x84;
  int exponent = exp_lut[(pcm_val >> 7) & 0xFF];
  int mantissa = (pcm_val >> (exponent + 3)) & 0x0F;
  return ~(sign | (exponent << 4) | mantissa);
}

claude_v3_functionaladc - decent 440hz tone, still walks a little; music playing through monitor is audible but chops every ~1s, and a high-pitched whiny tone is on top

python plot simple - see final version ~/Documents/Arduino/udp-tone-ai/plots

s = <data>
title = ""
import plotly.graph_objects as go
import pandas as pd

data = [(int(x.split(',')[0]), int(x.split(',')[1])) for x in s.split('\n')]
lows, highs = zip(*data)
x = list(range(len(data)))
go.Figure([go.Scatter(x=x, y=lows, name='low'),go.Scatter(x=x, y=highs, name='high')],title=title).show()

putty output

$ plink -serial COM3 -sercfg 115200 | tee-object -FilePath "plink.log" this is the winner!

other variants untested

putty -serial COM3 -sercfg 115200,8,n,1,N | -sessionlog C:\users\moses\putty.log -logoverwrite plink -serial COM3 -sercfg 115200 > plink.log

$port = new-Object System.IO.Ports.SerialPort COM3,115200,None,8,one
$port.Open()
while($true) {
    if($port.BytesToRead -gt 0) {
        $data = $port.ReadLine()
        "$data" | Tee-Object -Append -FilePath serial.log
    }
}

data

2096 2073 2095 2081 2095 2096 2095 2086 2096 2096 2083 2093 2083 2080 2073 2078 2098 2077 2096 2093 2096 2101 2006 2096 2160 2096 2079 2090 2093 2077 2097 2064 2096 2092 2076 2085 2087 2096 2090 2086 2096 2082 2135 2183 2087 2090 2087 2058 2091 2091 2082 2151 2088 2083 2105 2082 2094 2077 2095 2091 2085 2066 2086 2096 2139 2078 2096 2096 2097 2098 2093 2109 2096 2098 2096 2085 2096 2075 2076 2096 2094 2095 2095 2067 2097 2083 2089 2107 2134 2107 2080 2096 2094 2197 2043 2176 2133 2007 2032 2045 2114 2075 2117 2087 2145 2104 2106 2096 2086 2065 2096 2117 2094 2108 2109 2105 2097 2097 2096 2087 2079 2096 2007 2101 2111 2096 2089 1990 2087 2081 2082 2100 2101 2089 2097 2097 2092 2105 2091 2071 2096 2057 2096 2098 2095 2096 2096 2085 2093 2123 2080 2090 2096 2089 2089 2119 2087 2083 2071 2087 2010 2046 2084 2074 2083 2085 2096 2079 2064 2080 2095 2094 2139 2090 2085 2081 2089 2075 2095 2090 2032 2090 2096 2090 2082 2085 2097 2096 2074 2083 2075 2115 2079 2125 2096 2082 2192 2091 2103 2080 2174 2083 2093 2096 2097 2096 2086 2100 2061 2092 2091 2094 2096 2091 2085 2092 2085 1977 2092 2102 2091 2079 2096 2002 2096 2103 2065 2083 2096 2094 2171 2088 2098 2112 2096 2095 2090 2105 2054 2096 1972 2119 2096 2083 2103 2078 2036 2097 2083 2090 2066 2091 2099 2080 2112 2082 2104 2099 2160 2097 2109 2093 2093 2096 2087 2117 1984 2096 2063 2061 2096 2112 2078 2102 2099 2081 2099 2103 2066 2098 2103 2187 2102 2095 2097 2093 2086 2126 2063 2088 2096 2043 2106 2073 2105 2114 2099 2099 2107 2096 2086 2100 2103 2215 2101 2119 2102 2055 2096 2101 2086 2101 2128 2061 2099 2109 2109 2100 2097 2115 2046 2055 2093 2083 2135 2081 1997 2073 2096 2103 2098 2081 2085 2096 2099 2103 2081 2096 2096 2100 2074 2100 2105 2096 2073 2069 2097 2097 2068 2085 2096 2096 2091 2095 2137 2095 2096 2096 2096 2096 2097 2089 2116 2106 2111 2096 2111 2044 2112 2080 2075 2097 2106 2064 2105 2093 2032 2114 2076 2083 2095 2103 2160 2112 2098 2098 2098 2102 2091 2089 2096 2096 2115 2091 2094 2074 2112 2090 2096 2096 2116 2083 2094 2096 2091 2094 2129 2089 2105 2116 2096 2098 2085 2096 2087 2135 2085 2096 2101 2093 2115 2101 2101 2103 2107 2106 2080 1989 2070 2097 2144 2099 2117 2064 2096 2038 2106 2096 2120 2097 2096 2205 2113 2099 2103 2096 2098 2108 2087 2108 2097 2106 2109 2110 2097 2107 2111 2188 2130 2105 2206 2112 2101 2112 2089 2095 2112 2098 2103 2121 2072 2119 2114 2100 2106 2113 2112 2119 2103 2098 2104 2119 2103 2041 2143 2096 2112 2105 2106 2109 2097 2091 2055 2128 2109 2101 2097 2135 2064 2057 2094 2106 2096 2092 2090 2143 2090 2097 2094 2092 2074 2118 2113 2119 2112 2107 2128 2095 2096 2158 2094 2106 2112 2092 2073 2085 2041 2098 2095 2096 2202 2074 2110 2103 2105 2126 2096 2122 2163 2071 2109 2115 2109 2068 2096 2037 2105 2108 2133 2128 2085 2107 2105 2194 2065 2103 2112 2093 2079 2118 2103 2103 2107 2070 2113 2091 2105 2085 2090 2111 2112 2192 2110 2097 2098 2107 2087 2121 2091 2114 2108 2094 2096 2128 2110 2117 2109 1971 2145 2092 2098 2078 2086 2093 2079 2107 2096 2161 2111 2096 2102 2097 2102 2096 2015 2107 2094 2034 2101 2032 2141 2097 2090 2085 2000 2107 2175 2005 2105 2220 2096 2123 2117 2112 2122 2103 2089 2113 2124 2025 2147 2117 2111 2058 2102 2102 2096 2106 2109 2111 2111 2112 2094 2112 2109 2095 2118 2106 2091 2098 2111 2033 2105 2106 2109 2093 2114 2096 2100 2112 2109 2106 2109 2117 2066 2070 2065 2110 2080 2129 2093 2100 2106 2111 2115 2142 2124 2101 2045 2125 2212 2139 2105 2128 2103 2121 2104 2107 2102 2117 2107 2096 2094 2106 2105 2110 2128 2103 2084 2099 2096 2250 2119 2099 2107 2109 2096 2121 2108 2091 2097 2122 2043 2095 2102 2119 2112 2097 2108 2103 2105 2105 2192 2084 2116 2098 2110 2081 2096 2125 2146 2227 2099 2114 2112 2131 2087 2112 2207 2112 2096 2084 2096 2112 2108 2097 2137 2113 2145 2123 2112 2133 2097 2102 2231 2098 2098 2118 2119 2106 2111 2103 2097 2128 2155 2112 2140 2109 2111 2099 2116 2096 2103 2113 2107 2111 2110 2002 2105 2115 2159 2109 2102 2112 2110 2125 2131 2117 2116 2110 2110 2131 2021 2112 2122 2097 2130 2116 2112 2109 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2127 2123 2166 2198 2118 2130 2105 2174 2062 2125 2155 2116 2137 2119 2104 2125 2119 2127 2113 2119 2102 2131 2119 2113 2127 2112 2111 2117 2128 2126 2114 2125 2129 2122 2255 2114 2139 2119 2126 2126 2123 2091 1969 2115 2111 2118 2109 2089 2144 2148 2127 2069 2116 2118 2084 2091 2123 2112 2114 2126 2117 2128 2130 2087 2111 2125 2163 2126 2127 2128 2125 2122 2128 2221 2096 2118 2119 2107 2128 2125 2123 2131 2122 2128 2122 2175 2128 2162 2142 2102 2121 2127 2113 2123 2118 2128 2116 2128 2119 2126 2138 2129 2128 2158 2153 2141 2121 2120 2125 2114 2092 2128 2151 2128 2128 2128 2121 2122 2137 2118 2098 2127 2125 2129 2123 2124 2095 2119 2107 2107 2126 2129 2125 2084 2103 2124 2118 2169 2112 2128 2118 2123 2125 2128 2119 2138 2144 2067 2127 2107 2115 2113 2139 2139 2126 2129 2101 2081 2128 2147 2128 2141 2129 2128 2112 2158 2131 2123 2102 2176 2130 2121 2101 2131 2133 2122 2095 2114 2202 2128 2125 2101 2128 2096 2131 2128 2128 2137 2131 2121 2128 2137 2102 2115 2129 2127 2131 2153 2127 2128 2133 2109 2129 2127 2013 2137 2109 2134 2148 2105 2125 2151 2128 2117 2124 2113 2101 2128 2131 2144 2126 2025 2125 2119 2130 2130 2138 2125 2126 2118 2131 2124 2117 2136 2125 2097 2126 2133 2111 2121 2118 2126 2131 2131 2144 2131 2129 2132 2128 2155 2127 2145 2171 2128 2135 2145 2151 2149 2140 2138 2167 2128 2137 2105 2150 2127 2134 2137 2128 2133 2073 2154 2114 2136 2142 2135 2146 2150 2182 2122 2118 2147 2128 2107 2125 2129 2119 2123 2118 2128 2138 2134 2125 2149 2135 2129 2138 2111 2138 2134 2142 2146 2094 2069 2141 2128 2174 2128 2127 2128 2136 2075 2115 2135 2148 2143 2064 2128 2133 2134 2129 2140 2133 2100 2030 2150 2043 2129 2135 2146 2142 2116 2132 2146 2138 2138 2177 2089 2145 2146 2138 2256 2157 2131 2189 2134 2151 2144 2141 2139 2148 2148 2145 2134 2033 2157 2145 2064 2132 2132 2181 2137 2144 2135 2125 2141 2118 2165 2143 2157 2150 2133 2131 2150 2138 2146 2129 2240 2145 2133 2129 2099 2115 2160 2143 2160 2128 2160 2069 2142 2133 2149 2134 2125 2147 2142 2139 2151 2066 2135 2143 2133 2128 2128 2140 2140 2147 2122 2149 2147 2156 2144 2150 2071 2141 2063 2144 2141 2141 2151 2145 2141 2143 2151 2142 2147 2147 2139 2081 2155 2147 2091 2154 2147 2149 2142 2128 2130 2159 2154 2149 2146 2120 2111 2134 2133 2144 2133 2147 2156 2162 2145 2139 2149 2133 2141 2150 2107 2166 2142 2174 2148 2155 2129 2128 2151 2136 2149 2153 2054 2129 2149 2174 2191 2155 2146 2167 2158 2036 2142 2130 2149 2141 2130 2145 2139 2138 2151 2142 2150 2145 2161 2145 2145 2145 2145 2180 2127 2143 2143 2155 2107 2145 2148 2143 2143 2149 2131 2147 2128 2226 2145 2146 2193 2071 2158 2155 2142 2160 2290 2137 2146 2141 2143 2144 2081 2160 2145 2150 2137 2143 2128 2160 2135 2160 2150 2127 2174 2161 2131 2140 2166 2157 2128 2141 2145 2194 2128 2160 2160 2141 2221 2150 2157 2148 2148 2128 2136 2148 2182 2146 2153 2155 2094 2208 2143 2158 2158 2137 2172 2155 2265 2139 2154 2151 2149 2139 2136 2148 2146 2137 2167 2155 2143 2160 2159 2174 2157 2154 2151 2162 2032 2159 2202 2128 2148 2176 2160 2153 2196 2143 2157 2158 2142 2149 2155 2128 2164 2156 2157 2162 2144 2158 2160 2156 2191 2144 2151 2133 2243 2173 2143 2146 2183 2154 2151 2167 2158 2088 2150 2129 2175 2227 2147 2155 2151 2155 2149 2192 2159 2152 2156 2150 2160 2111 2160 2160 2156 2140 2158 2162 2148 2159 2118 2139 2117 2128 2163 2148 2156 2171 2147 2138 2160 2149 2251 2151 2147 2155 2153 2159 2155 2160 2149 2155 2114 2154 2085 2212 2160 2160 2137 2165 2155 2160 2179 2027 2143 2167 2156 2164 2072 2158 2160 2167 2165 2161 2159 2157 2161 2173 2178 2158 2179 2141 2165 2171 2169 2133 2161 2160 2160 2198 2160 2154 2160 2171 2160 2160 2160 2170 2159 2135 2157 2104 2147 2111 2141 2256 2147 2147 2169 2148 2157 2170 2174 2160 2149 2135 2159 2143 2162 2214 2189 2160 2160 2165 2130 2169 2154 2186 2158 2186 2160 2144 2160 2170 2169 2171 2161 2143 2157 2160 2160 2176 2173 2155 2178 2160 2158 2143 2154 2143 2129 2160 2157 2163 2195 2161 2167 2155 2170 2173 2171 2160 2039 2089 2161 2201 2175 2163 2285 2173 2155 2158 2157 2102 2169 2122 2160 2160 2174 2167 2163 2170 2176 2133 2160 2166 2117 2164 2163 2161 2151 2172 2139 2165 2185 2173 2120 2177 2164 2156 2176 2163 2160 2160 2161 2164 2177 2160 2185 2160 2168 2143 2173 2157 2195 2161 2163 2163 2162 2142 2131 2175 2174 2166 2160 2154 2147 2171 2164 1974 2160 2039 2160 2160 2176 2175 2163 2157 2157 2187 2182 2161 2171 2166 2152 2165 2164 2179 2162 2138 2171 2176 2162 2170 2160 2162 2162 2180 2160 2155 2166 2165 2174 2173 2160 2153 2138 2165 2185 2167 2153 2174 2175 2131 2165 2174 2167 2289 2180 2170 2171 2301 2187 2176 2123 2170 2175 2175 2154 2178 2158 2174 2107 2185 2112 2127 2159 2171 2170 2171 2268 2176 2190 2169 2189 2161 2161 2168 2170 2170 2176 2170 2179 2167 2158 2160 2154 2098 2160 2167 2077 2192 2160 2176 2160 2150 2135 2157 2158 2166 2148 2169 2167 2187 2198 2176 2173 2170 2160 2206 2160 2175 2160 2177 2187 2174 2175 2164 2185 2161 2175 2173 2171 2182 2177 2175 2165 2178 2176 2175 2178 2165 2170 2178 2173 2155 2161 2171 2189 2175 2173 2162 2191 2169 2162 2186 2137 2162 2180 2175 2209 2173 2176 2165 2171 2037 2178 2175 2166 2174 2167 2174 2171 2187 2085 2186 2165 2163 2175 2182 2171 2148 2160 2167 2181 2214 2160 2176 2179 2160 2179 2166 2168 2178 2187 2176 2118 2171 2162 2161 2183 2191 2187 2160 2170 2181 2098 2191 2176 2144 2160 2178 2190 2182 2170 2179 2181 2177 2190 2176 2224 2192 2169 2192 2190 2126 2193 2164 2170 2177 2139 2181 2176 2182 2183 2180 2185 2201 2195 2161 2191 2181 2176 2173 2170 2186 2256 2178 2275 2174 2177 2182 2166 2172 2173 2131 2166 2183 2169 2183 2160 2179 2179 2171 2187 2189 2183 2174 2121 2166 2173 2096 2160 2176 2163 2117 2160 2178 2179 2189 2190 2178 2171 2221 2174 2179 2176 2170 2192 2188 2261 2196 2175 2190 2201 2194 2185 2186 2127 2171 2288 2188 2192 2192 2174 2102 2149 2186 2187 2187 2192 2173 2177 2231 2169 2183 2178 2011 2189 2225 2182 2147 2137 2221 2103 2182 2083 2183 2196 2190 2192 2187 2186 2199 2181 2187 2185 2180 2193 2192 2192 2179 2192 2199 2176 2202 2188 2186 2195 2190 2176 2163 2183 2176 2192 2195 2190 2174 2192 2185 2311 2218 2169 2194 2186 2197 2155 2259 2192 2190 2209 2191 2177 2196 2181 2200 2196 2181 2240 2192 2282 2259 2189 2195 2204 2200 2176 2161 2191 2237 2186 2182 2076 2197 2198 2187 2207 2190 2213 2177 2178 2173 2142 2192 2185 2186 2187 2192 2174 2182 2194 2215 2170 2191 2194 2192 2176 2188 2210 2173 2192 2164 2145 2191 2182 2182 2194 2227 2082 2206 2191 2173 2174 2206 2192 2183 2187 2192 2160 2239 2208 2194 2151 2192 2196 2190 2187 2185 2192 2190 2201 2187 2223 2193 2191 2182 2185 2195 2192 2135 2160 2286 2176 2192 2191 2192 2234 2195 2226 2223 2020 2198 2203 2199 2202 2182 2199 2185 2193 2237 2197 2192 2192 2188 2192 2176 2197 2203 2156 2204 2174 2192 2197 2194 2181 2192 2180 2192 2245 2196 2188 2195 2198 2242 2166 2192 2099 2192 2196 2191 2203 2176 2196 2180 2194 2205 2192 2192 2192 2197 2192 2219 2192 2166 2215 2194 2203 2214 2200 2196 2241 2197 2240 2223 2205 2139 2187 2192 2171 2201 2185 2198 2187 2213 2192 2194 2193 2208 2202 2131 2203 2197 2194 2180 2198 2194 2182 2204 2172 2158 2192 2203 2197 2198 2204 2181 2240 2265 2208 2202 2214 2187 2176 2241 2099 2163 2209 2196 2205 2190 2238 2215 2205 2205 2197 2199 2218 2224 2212 2197 2207 2294 2199 2288 2309 2192 2209 2135 2203 2192 2203 2198 2147 2170 2203 2206 2197 2162 2193 2205 2199 2206 2332 2199 2207 2194 2191 2151 2288 2206 2206 2192 2219 2198 2187 2224 2201 2211 2210 2195 2192 2201 2202 2211 2199 2201 2174 2198 2206 2176 2222 2205 2209 2192 2205 2192 2205 2192 2188 2209 2213 2210 2192 2206 2212 2205 2203 2208 2228 2208 2224 2209 2204 2212 2205 2278 2210 2202 2200 2193 2203 2224 2254 2197 2212 2210 2222 2224 2207 2227 2204 2203 2213 2204 2192 2208 2176 2192 2199 2203 2219 2203 2192 2195 2206 2207 2215 2224 2224 2197 2203 2200 2181 2194 2188 2204 2207 2131 2192 2206 2198 2203 2204 2221 2213 2224 2207 2203 2182 2199 2166 2191 2195 2215 2203 2208 2252 2186 2207 2224 2195 2224 2247 2315 2181 2369 2192 2203 2117 2206 2226 2229 2214 2218 2224 2199 2214 2193 2209 2206 2208 2217 2240 2211 2202 2208 2211 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Mic branch [2026-04-19 Sun]

INMP441 heres my overall (very messy) notes.

i need a stepwise checklist of work to do, picking up this project after 6mo.

i think broadest steps are:

1. remind myself of circuit state, how to hookup and test

2. implement inmp441 - may need to retool the circuit?

   1. will this functino on the existing power (big goal)
   2. remove/modify any inline circuitry to make this work?
3. ??? test?

Goal: replace noisy speaker-tap adc path with an inmp441 mic path

• reuse existing esp32 + wifi + rtp stack
• reuse existing 3.17v power tap

checklist

Bench Check

• the exact esp32 board
• the vtech dm221-2 / pm221
• known-good firmware that can stream the 440hz tone over rtp to vlc
• the current ip/ssid/port expectations
• success = you can flash, boot, and hear tone mode again in vlc. this revalidates the network/rtp side before you perturb the input path

Confirm live circuit:

• take clear photos of pcb top/bottom
• mark current power tap location
• mark current speaker/adc wiring
• note whether gpio36 speaker-tap circuit is still installed
• note whether touch pin mode switching is still wired
• your notes show enough circuit churn that future-you will otherwise get gaslit by Past You.

Verify power in isolation:

• measure the 3.17v rail again at tp20/tp12/q6
• confirm esp32 still boots stably from that rail
• add/confirm local decoupling near esp32 power if needed
• success = stable boot, wifi connect, no brownout/reboot weirdness. you already concluded the 3.17v tap was viable and a major goal is to keep it.

Verify s/w baseline

keep hardware input out of it for a minute:

• flash the known-good tone generator
• confirm seq/ts behavior and vlc playback
• optionally disable wifi power save while testing
• success = tone stream sounds clean enough that any later ugliness is input-side, not transport-side.

hardware cutover

assume the old speaker-to-gpio36 analog front end gets bypassed or removed:

• gpio36 adc path is no longer the primary input
• the RC/divider/bias network for speaker tap is not needed for the mic path
• keep it only if you explicitly want fallback mode later
• this is the big topology change. don’t half-migrate and leave yourself ambiguous failure modes. your notes already point to the speaker tap being the pain source.

bench-test the inmp441 off the existing esp32 power

• power inmp441 from the same esp32 3.xv rail
• wire only power + ground + i2s lines
• capture raw samples / stream audio with the mic sitting on the bench
• success = it powers and produces stable audio without resets/noise disasters.

inmp441 table

PIN	NAME	FUNCTION
1	SCK	Serial-Data Clock for I²S Interface
2	SD	Serial-Data Output for I²S Interface. This pin tri-states when not actively driving the appropriate output channel. The SD trace should have a 100 kΩ pulldown resistor to discharge the line during the time that all microphones on the bus have tri-stated their outputs.
3	WS	Serial Data-Word Select for I²S Interface
4	L/R	Left/Right Channel Select. When set low, the microphone outputs its signal in the left channel of the I²S frame. When set high, the microphone outputs its signal in the right channel.
5	GND	Ground. Connect to ground on the PCB.
6	GND	Ground. Connect to ground on the PCB.
7	VDD	Power, 1.8 V to 3.3 V. This pin should be decoupled to Pin 6 with a 0.1 μF capacitor.
8	CHIPEN	Microphone Enable. When set low (ground), the microphone is disabled and put in power-down mode. When set high (VDD), the microphone is enabled.
9	GND	Ground. Connect to ground on the PCB

• added sketch to /proj/vtech/mic

couple caveats, bc esp32 audio loves being a goblin: the >> 11 unpack line is the bit most likely to need fiddling on your exact board/core, and I2S_COMM_FORMAT_STAND_I2S vs one of the older enum names can vary by installed core.

script

#include <WiFi.h>
#include <WiFiUdp.h>
#include <math.h>
#include <driver/i2s.h>
#include <driver/touch_pad.h>

const char* ssid = "Fios-8EKF5";
const char* password = "hero816cars7050jon";
const char* DEST_IP = "192.168.1.190";
const int UDP_PORT = 5004;

const int OUTPUT_RATE = 8000; // 8kHz rtp payload rate
const int MIC_RATE = 16000;   // capture rate inmp441
const int FRAME_SIZE  = 160;  // 20ms frames @ 8kHz
const float TONE_HZ   = 440.0;

const touch_pad_t TOUCH_PIN = TOUCH_PAD_NUM4; // gpio13
const int TOUCH_THRESHOLD = 800; // adjust as needed

// inmp441 pins - change as needed
const int I2S_WS  = 25; // 
const int I2S_SCK = 26; // 
const int I2S_SD  = 33; // data from mic to esp32 

WiFiUDP udp;
uint16_t seq = 0;
uint32_t ts = 0;
bool tone_mode = true; // start with tone

struct rtp_hdr {
  uint8_t vpxcc;
  uint8_t mpt;
  uint16_t seq;
  uint32_t ts;
  uint32_t ssrc;
};

static const int16_t exp_lut[256] = {
  0,0,1,1,2,2,2,2,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,
  5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,
  6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,
  6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,
  7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,
  7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,
  7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,
  7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7
};

uint8_t linear2ulaw(int16_t pcm_val) {
  int sign = (pcm_val >> 8) & 0x80;
  if (sign) pcm_val = (short)-pcm_val;
  if (pcm_val > 32635) pcm_val = 32635;
  pcm_val = pcm_val + 0x84;
  int exponent = exp_lut[(pcm_val >> 7) & 0xFF];
  int mantissa = (pcm_val >> (exponent + 3)) & 0x0F;
  return ~(sign | (exponent << 4) | mantissa);
}

void setup_i2s_mic() {
  i2s_config_t i2s_config = {
    .mode = (i2s_mode_t)(I2S_MODE_MASTER | I2S_MODE_RX),
    .sample_rate = MIC_RATE,
    .bits_per_sample = I2S_BITS_PER_SAMPLE_32BIT,
    .channel_format = I2S_CHANNEL_FMT_ONLY_LEFT,
    .communication_format = I2S_COMM_FORMAT_STAND_I2S,
    .intr_alloc_flags = ESP_INTR_FLAG_LEVEL1,
    .dma_buf_count = 8,
    .dma_buf_len = 256,
    .use_apll = false,
    .tx_desc_auto_clear = false,
    .fixed_mclk = 0
  };

  i2s_pin_config_t pin_config = {
    .bck_io_num = I2S_SCK,
    .ws_io_num = I2S_WS,
    .data_out_num = I2S_PIN_NO_CHANGE,
    .data_in_num = I2S_SD
  };

  i2s_driver_install(I2S_NUM_0, &i2s_config, 0, NULL);
  i2s_set_pin(I2S_NUM_0, &pin_config);
  i2s_zero_dma_buffer(I2S_NUM_0);
}

void setup() {
  Serial.begin(115200);
  
  // init touch
  touch_pad_init();
  touch_pad_set_voltage(TOUCH_HVOLT_2V7, TOUCH_LVOLT_0V5, TOUCH_HVOLT_ATTEN_1V);
  touch_pad_config(TOUCH_PIN, 0);
  
  setup_i2s_mic();

  WiFi.begin(ssid, password);
  while (WiFi.status() != WL_CONNECTED) { delay(500); Serial.print("."); }
  Serial.printf("\nconnected, ip=%s\n", WiFi.localIP().toString().c_str());
  udp.begin(UDP_PORT);
  
  Serial.println("tap pin 13 to switch modes");
}

void loop() {
  static unsigned long last_send = 0;
  static unsigned long last_touch_check = 0;
  static bool last_touch_state = false;
  static const unsigned long FRAME_INTERVAL = 20; // 20ms
  static const unsigned long TOUCH_CHECK_INTERVAL = 50; // check every 50ms
  
  // check touch state periodically
  unsigned long now = millis();
  if (now - last_touch_check > TOUCH_CHECK_INTERVAL) {
    uint16_t touch_val;
    touch_pad_read(TOUCH_PIN, &touch_val);
    bool touched = touch_val < TOUCH_THRESHOLD;
    
    // detect touch press (not hold)
    if (touched && !last_touch_state) {
      tone_mode = !tone_mode;
      Serial.printf("switched to %s mode\n", tone_mode ? "tone" : "mic");
      delay(200); // debounce
    }
    
    last_touch_state = touched;
    last_touch_check = now;
  }
  
  // only send if it's time
  if (now - last_send < FRAME_INTERVAL) {
    yield();
    return;
  }
  
  uint8_t packet[12 + FRAME_SIZE];
  int16_t samples[FRAME_SIZE];
  
  if (tone_mode) {
    // fixed tone generation with integer phase accumulator
    static uint32_t phase_acc = 0;
    const uint32_t phase_inc_int = (uint32_t)(TONE_HZ * (1ULL << 32) / OUTPUT_RATE);
    
    for (int i = 0; i < FRAME_SIZE; i++) {
      float phase = (phase_acc >> 16) * (2.0 * M_PI / 65536.0);
      samples[i] = (int16_t)(16000.0 * sinf(phase));
      phase_acc += phase_inc_int;
    }
    
  } else {

    // read 320 mic samples @16khz, decimate by 2 -> 160 samples @8khz
    int32_t mic_buf[FRAME_SIZE * 2];
    size_t bytes_read = 0;
    i2s_read(I2S_NUM_0, mic_buf, sizeof(mic_buf), &bytes_read, portMAX_DELAY);

    int frames_read = bytes_read / sizeof(int32_t);
    if (frames_read < FRAME_SIZE * 2) {
      for (int i = 0; i < FRAME_SIZE; i++) samples[i] = 0;
    } else {
      static float dc = 0.0f;
      static float lpf = 0.0f;

      for (int i = 0; i < FRAME_SIZE; i++) {
        // inmp441 data is typically left-justified in 32-bit words; shift may need
        // minor tweaking on your exact board/core
        int32_t raw = mic_buf[i * 2] >> 14;   // collapse toward 16-bit-ish range
        float x = (float)raw;

        dc = dc * 0.999f + x * 0.001f;
        x -= dc;

        lpf = lpf * 0.7f + x * 0.3f;
        float y = lpf * 1.0f; // gain trim try 8.0f?

        if (y > 32767.0f) y = 32767.0f;
        if (y < -32768.0f) y = -32768.0f;
        samples[i] = (int16_t)y;
        }
        //DEBUG
        static unsigned long last_dbg = 0;
        int16_t minv = 32767;
        int16_t maxv = -32768;

        for (int j = 0; j < FRAME_SIZE; j++) {
          if (samples[j] < minv) minv = samples[j];
          if (samples[j] > maxv) maxv = samples[j];
        }

        if (millis() - last_dbg > 250) {
          Serial.printf("mic range: %d .. %d\n", minv, maxv);
          last_dbg = millis();
        }
        // END DEBUG
      }
    }

  for (int i = 0; i < FRAME_SIZE; i++) {
    packet[12 + i] = linear2ulaw(samples[i]);
  }

  rtp_hdr* hdr = (rtp_hdr*)packet;
  hdr->vpxcc = 0x80;
  hdr->mpt   = 0x00;
  hdr->seq   = htons(seq++);
  hdr->ts    = htonl(ts);
  hdr->ssrc  = htonl(0x12345678);

  udp.beginPacket(DEST_IP, UDP_PORT);
  udp.write(packet, sizeof(packet));
  udp.endPacket();

  ts += FRAME_SIZE;
  last_send = now;

  yield();
}

script2 - simple mic processing (ln160 ff)

#include <WiFi.h>
#include <WiFiUdp.h>
#include <math.h>
#include <driver/i2s.h>
#include <driver/touch_pad.h>

const char* ssid = "Fios-8EKF5";
const char* password = "hero816cars7050jon";
const char* DEST_IP = "192.168.1.190";
const int UDP_PORT = 5004;

const int OUTPUT_RATE = 8000; // 8kHz rtp payload rate
const int MIC_RATE = 16000;   // capture rate inmp441
const int FRAME_SIZE  = 160;  // 20ms frames @ 8kHz
const float TONE_HZ   = 440.0;

const touch_pad_t TOUCH_PIN = TOUCH_PAD_NUM4; // gpio13
const int TOUCH_THRESHOLD = 800; // adjust as needed

// inmp441 pins - change as needed
const int I2S_WS  = 25; // 
const int I2S_SCK = 26; // 
const int I2S_SD  = 33; // data from mic to esp32 

WiFiUDP udp;
uint16_t seq = 0;
uint32_t ts = 0;
bool tone_mode = true; // start with tone

struct rtp_hdr {
  uint8_t vpxcc;
  uint8_t mpt;
  uint16_t seq;
  uint32_t ts;
  uint32_t ssrc;
};

static const int16_t exp_lut[256] = {
  0,0,1,1,2,2,2,2,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,
  5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,
  6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,
  6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,
  7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,
  7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,
  7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,
  7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7
};

uint8_t linear2ulaw(int16_t pcm_val) {
  int sign = (pcm_val >> 8) & 0x80;
  if (sign) pcm_val = (short)-pcm_val;
  if (pcm_val > 32635) pcm_val = 32635;
  pcm_val = pcm_val + 0x84;
  int exponent = exp_lut[(pcm_val >> 7) & 0xFF];
  int mantissa = (pcm_val >> (exponent + 3)) & 0x0F;
  return ~(sign | (exponent << 4) | mantissa);
}

void setup_i2s_mic() {
  i2s_config_t i2s_config = {
    .mode = (i2s_mode_t)(I2S_MODE_MASTER | I2S_MODE_RX),
    .sample_rate = MIC_RATE,
    .bits_per_sample = I2S_BITS_PER_SAMPLE_32BIT,
    .channel_format = I2S_CHANNEL_FMT_ONLY_LEFT,
    .communication_format = I2S_COMM_FORMAT_STAND_I2S,
    .intr_alloc_flags = ESP_INTR_FLAG_LEVEL1,
    .dma_buf_count = 8,
    .dma_buf_len = 256,
    .use_apll = false,
    .tx_desc_auto_clear = false,
    .fixed_mclk = 0
  };

  i2s_pin_config_t pin_config = {
    .bck_io_num = I2S_SCK,
    .ws_io_num = I2S_WS,
    .data_out_num = I2S_PIN_NO_CHANGE,
    .data_in_num = I2S_SD
  };

  i2s_driver_install(I2S_NUM_0, &i2s_config, 0, NULL);
  i2s_set_pin(I2S_NUM_0, &pin_config);
  i2s_zero_dma_buffer(I2S_NUM_0);
}

void setup() {
  Serial.begin(115200);
  
  // init touch
  touch_pad_init();
  touch_pad_set_voltage(TOUCH_HVOLT_2V7, TOUCH_LVOLT_0V5, TOUCH_HVOLT_ATTEN_1V);
  touch_pad_config(TOUCH_PIN, 0);
  
  setup_i2s_mic();

  WiFi.begin(ssid, password);
  while (WiFi.status() != WL_CONNECTED) { delay(500); Serial.print("."); }
  Serial.printf("\nconnected, ip=%s\n", WiFi.localIP().toString().c_str());
  udp.begin(UDP_PORT);
  
  Serial.println("tap pin 13 to switch modes");
}

void loop() {
  static unsigned long last_send = 0;
  static unsigned long last_touch_check = 0;
  static bool last_touch_state = false;
  static const unsigned long FRAME_INTERVAL = 20; // 20ms
  static const unsigned long TOUCH_CHECK_INTERVAL = 50; // check every 50ms
  
  // check touch state periodically
  unsigned long now = millis();
  if (now - last_touch_check > TOUCH_CHECK_INTERVAL) {
    uint16_t touch_val;
    touch_pad_read(TOUCH_PIN, &touch_val);
    bool touched = touch_val < TOUCH_THRESHOLD;
    
    // detect touch press (not hold)
    if (touched && !last_touch_state) {
      tone_mode = !tone_mode;
      Serial.printf("%s mode active\n", tone_mode ? "tone" : "mic");
      delay(300); // debounce
    }
    
    last_touch_state = touched;
    last_touch_check = now;
  }
  
  // only send if it's time
  if (now - last_send < FRAME_INTERVAL) {
    yield();
    return;
  }
  
  uint8_t packet[12 + FRAME_SIZE];
  int16_t samples[FRAME_SIZE];
  
  if (tone_mode) {
    // fixed tone generation with integer phase accumulator
    static uint32_t phase_acc = 0;
    const uint32_t phase_inc_int = (uint32_t)(TONE_HZ * (1ULL << 32) / OUTPUT_RATE);
    
    for (int i = 0; i < FRAME_SIZE; i++) {
      float phase = (phase_acc >> 16) * (2.0 * M_PI / 65536.0);
      samples[i] = (int16_t)(16000.0 * sinf(phase));
      phase_acc += phase_inc_int;
    }
    
  } else {

    // read 320 mic samples @16khz, decimate by 2 -> 160 samples @8khz
    int32_t mic_buf[FRAME_SIZE * 2];
    size_t bytes_read = 0;
    i2s_read(I2S_NUM_0, mic_buf, sizeof(mic_buf), &bytes_read, portMAX_DELAY);

    int frames_read = bytes_read / sizeof(int32_t);
    if (frames_read < FRAME_SIZE * 2) {
      for (int i = 0; i < FRAME_SIZE; i++) samples[i] = 0;
    } else {
      static float dc = 0.0f;
      static float lpf = 0.0f;
      //
      int16_t minv = 32767;
      int16_t maxv = -32768;
      static unsigned long last_dbg = 0;

      for (int i = 0; i < FRAME_SIZE; i++) {
        int32_t raw = mic_buf[i * 2] >> 8;   // try 8 first, not 14
        if (raw > 32767) raw = 32767;
        if (raw < -32768) raw = -32768;
        samples[i] = (int16_t)raw;

        if (samples[i] < minv) minv = samples[i];
        if (samples[i] > maxv) maxv = samples[i];
      }

      if (millis() - last_dbg > 250) {
        Serial.printf("raw range: %d .. %d\n", minv, maxv);
        last_dbg = millis();
      }
    }
  }
  for (int i = 0; i < FRAME_SIZE; i++) {
    packet[12 + i] = linear2ulaw(samples[i]);
  }

  rtp_hdr* hdr = (rtp_hdr*)packet;
  hdr->vpxcc = 0x80;
  hdr->mpt   = 0x00;
  hdr->seq   = htons(seq++);
  hdr->ts    = htonl(ts);
  hdr->ssrc  = htonl(0x12345678);

  udp.beginPacket(DEST_IP, UDP_PORT);
  udp.write(packet, sizeof(packet));
  udp.endPacket();

  ts += FRAME_SIZE;
  last_send = now;

  yield();
}

script3 - hex dump version:

#include <WiFi.h>
#include <WiFiUdp.h>
#include <math.h>
#include <driver/i2s.h>
#include <driver/touch_pad.h>

const char* ssid = "Fios-8EKF5";
const char* password = "hero816cars7050jon";
const char* DEST_IP = "192.168.1.190";
const int UDP_PORT = 5004;

const int OUTPUT_RATE = 8000; // 8kHz rtp payload rate
const int MIC_RATE = 16000;   // capture rate inmp441
const int FRAME_SIZE  = 160;  // 20ms frames @ 8kHz
const float TONE_HZ   = 440.0;

const touch_pad_t TOUCH_PIN = TOUCH_PAD_NUM4; // gpio13
const int TOUCH_THRESHOLD = 800; // adjust as needed

// inmp441 pins - change as needed
const int I2S_WS  = 25; // 
const int I2S_SCK = 26; // 
const int I2S_SD  = 33; // data from mic to esp32 

WiFiUDP udp;
uint16_t seq = 0;
uint32_t ts = 0;
bool tone_mode = true; // start with tone

struct rtp_hdr {
  uint8_t vpxcc;
  uint8_t mpt;
  uint16_t seq;
  uint32_t ts;
  uint32_t ssrc;
};

static const int16_t exp_lut[256] = {
  0,0,1,1,2,2,2,2,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,
  5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,
  6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,
  6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,
  7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,
  7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,
  7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,
  7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7
};

uint8_t linear2ulaw(int16_t pcm_val) {
  int sign = (pcm_val >> 8) & 0x80;
  if (sign) pcm_val = (short)-pcm_val;
  if (pcm_val > 32635) pcm_val = 32635;
  pcm_val = pcm_val + 0x84;
  int exponent = exp_lut[(pcm_val >> 7) & 0xFF];
  int mantissa = (pcm_val >> (exponent + 3)) & 0x0F;
  return ~(sign | (exponent << 4) | mantissa);
}

void setup_i2s_mic() {
  i2s_config_t i2s_config = {
    .mode = (i2s_mode_t)(I2S_MODE_MASTER | I2S_MODE_RX),
    .sample_rate = MIC_RATE,
    .bits_per_sample = I2S_BITS_PER_SAMPLE_32BIT,
    .channel_format = I2S_CHANNEL_FMT_ONLY_LEFT,
    .communication_format = I2S_COMM_FORMAT_STAND_I2S,
    .intr_alloc_flags = ESP_INTR_FLAG_LEVEL1,
    .dma_buf_count = 8,
    .dma_buf_len = 256,
    .use_apll = false,
    .tx_desc_auto_clear = false,
    .fixed_mclk = 0
  };

  i2s_pin_config_t pin_config = {
    .bck_io_num = I2S_SCK,
    .ws_io_num = I2S_WS,
    .data_out_num = I2S_PIN_NO_CHANGE,
    .data_in_num = I2S_SD
  };

  i2s_driver_install(I2S_NUM_0, &i2s_config, 0, NULL);
  i2s_set_pin(I2S_NUM_0, &pin_config);
  i2s_zero_dma_buffer(I2S_NUM_0);
}

void setup() {
  Serial.begin(115200);
  
  // init touch
  touch_pad_init();
  touch_pad_set_voltage(TOUCH_HVOLT_2V7, TOUCH_LVOLT_0V5, TOUCH_HVOLT_ATTEN_1V);
  touch_pad_config(TOUCH_PIN, 0);
  
  setup_i2s_mic();

  WiFi.begin(ssid, password);
  while (WiFi.status() != WL_CONNECTED) { delay(500); Serial.print("."); }
  Serial.printf("\nconnected, ip=%s\n", WiFi.localIP().toString().c_str());
  udp.begin(UDP_PORT);
  
  Serial.println("tap pin 13 to switch modes");
}

void loop() {
  static unsigned long last_send = 0;
  static unsigned long last_touch_check = 0;
  static bool last_touch_state = false;
  static unsigned long last_dbg = 0;
  static const unsigned long FRAME_INTERVAL = 20; // 20ms
  static const unsigned long TOUCH_CHECK_INTERVAL = 50; // check every 50ms
  
  // check touch state periodically
  unsigned long now = millis();
  if (now - last_touch_check > TOUCH_CHECK_INTERVAL) {
    uint16_t touch_val;
    touch_pad_read(TOUCH_PIN, &touch_val);
    bool touched = touch_val < TOUCH_THRESHOLD;
    
    // detect touch press (not hold)
    if (touched && !last_touch_state) {
      tone_mode = !tone_mode;
      Serial.printf("%s mode active\n", tone_mode ? "tone" : "mic");
      delay(300); // debounce
    }
    
    last_touch_state = touched;
    last_touch_check = now;
  }
  
  // only send if it's time
  if (now - last_send < FRAME_INTERVAL) {
    yield();
    return;
  }
  
  uint8_t packet[12 + FRAME_SIZE];
  int16_t samples[FRAME_SIZE];
  
  if (tone_mode) {
    // fixed tone generation with integer phase accumulator
    static uint32_t phase_acc = 0;
    const uint32_t phase_inc_int = (uint32_t)(TONE_HZ * (1ULL << 32) / OUTPUT_RATE);
    
    for (int i = 0; i < FRAME_SIZE; i++) {
      float phase = (phase_acc >> 16) * (2.0 * M_PI / 65536.0);
      samples[i] = (int16_t)(16000.0 * sinf(phase));
      phase_acc += phase_inc_int;
    }
    
  } else {

    // read 320 mic samples @16khz, decimate by 2 -> 160 samples @8khz
    int32_t mic_buf[FRAME_SIZE * 2];

    size_t bytes_read = 0;
    i2s_read(I2S_NUM_0, mic_buf, sizeof(mic_buf), &bytes_read, portMAX_DELAY);
    for (int i = 0; i < FRAME_SIZE; i++) {
      samples[i] = 0;
    }

    if (bytes_read >= 16 * sizeof(int32_t) && millis() - last_dbg > 500) {
      Serial.println("first 16 raw words:");
      for (int i = 0; i < 16; i++) {
        Serial.printf("%2d: 0x%08lx\n", i, (uint32_t)mic_buf[i]);
      }
      last_dbg = millis();
    }
  }
  for (int i = 0; i < FRAME_SIZE; i++) {
    packet[12 + i] = linear2ulaw(samples[i]);
  }

  rtp_hdr* hdr = (rtp_hdr*)packet;
  hdr->vpxcc = 0x80;
  hdr->mpt   = 0x00;
  hdr->seq   = htons(seq++);
  hdr->ts    = htonl(ts);
  hdr->ssrc  = htonl(0x12345678);

  udp.beginPacket(DEST_IP, UDP_PORT);
  udp.write(packet, sizeof(packet));
  udp.endPacket();

  ts += FRAME_SIZE;
  last_send = now;

  yield();
}

issue

https://randomnerdtutorials.com/esp32-i2c-communication-arduino-ide/

• dump is overwhelmingly 0x00000000, 0x00000001, or 0xffffffff, with only very occasional nontrivial words like 0xffbffb41. that means the esp32 is clocking something, but it is mostly seeing a line that is effectively stuck low/high or only barely transitioning, not normal audio sample words.
• in esp32 standard i2s mode, the bus is just bclk, ws, and data, and standard mode always has left/right slots. in master mode, the esp32 generates sck and ws; the mic only drives the data line.
• standard-mode format differences on esp32 are basically philips vs msb, where philips has a one-bit shift relative to ws and msb does not. so “wrong format” can cause junk, but a stream dominated by exact 0/1/-1 patterns is more consistent with bad data capture than mere gain.

[2026-04-20 Mon]

very useful expl thanks, you're refreshign my memory on the rtp header work i did a few months ago. good insight on 440hz wandering - i didnt account for network instability inherent in the chipset, of course that makes sense.

heres the mic datasheet.

(WHT) LR GND (BLK) (YEL) WS VDD (RED) (WHT) SCK SD (BLUE)

gnd (WHT) LR GND (BLK) g25 (YEL) WS VDD (RED) g22 (WHT) SCK SD (BLUE) g21

mic outputs 24-bit signed sample, left-justified in 32-bit word [31……..8][7…..0] sample pad

successful hex word test of inmf441

#include <WiFi.h>
#include <WiFiUdp.h>
#include <math.h>
#include <driver/i2s.h>
#include <driver/touch_pad.h>

const char* ssid = "Fios-8EKF5";
const char* password = "hero816cars7050jon";
const char* DEST_IP = "192.168.1.190";
const int UDP_PORT = 5004;

const int OUTPUT_RATE = 8000; // 8kHz rtp payload rate
const int MIC_RATE = 16000;   // capture rate inmp441
const int FRAME_SIZE  = 160;  // 20ms frames @ 8kHz
const float TONE_HZ   = 440.0;

const touch_pad_t TOUCH_PIN = TOUCH_PAD_NUM4; // gpio13
const int TOUCH_THRESHOLD = 800; // adjust as needed

// inmp441 pins - change as needed
const int I2S_WS  = 25; // 
const int I2S_SCK = 22; // 
const int I2S_SD  = 21; // data from mic to esp32 

WiFiUDP udp;
uint16_t seq = 0;
uint32_t ts = 0;
bool tone_mode = true; // start with tone

struct rtp_hdr {
  uint8_t vpxcc;
  uint8_t mpt;
  uint16_t seq;
  uint32_t ts;
  uint32_t ssrc;
};

static const int16_t exp_lut[256] = {
  0,0,1,1,2,2,2,2,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,
  5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,
  6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,
  6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,
  7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,
  7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,
  7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,
  7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7
};

uint8_t linear2ulaw(int16_t pcm_val) {
  int sign = (pcm_val >> 8) & 0x80;
  if (sign) pcm_val = (short)-pcm_val;
  if (pcm_val > 32635) pcm_val = 32635;
  pcm_val = pcm_val + 0x84;
  int exponent = exp_lut[(pcm_val >> 7) & 0xFF];
  int mantissa = (pcm_val >> (exponent + 3)) & 0x0F;
  return ~(sign | (exponent << 4) | mantissa);
}

void setup_i2s_mic() {
  i2s_config_t i2s_config = {
    .mode = (i2s_mode_t)(I2S_MODE_MASTER | I2S_MODE_RX),
    .sample_rate = MIC_RATE,
    .bits_per_sample = I2S_BITS_PER_SAMPLE_32BIT,
    .channel_format = I2S_CHANNEL_FMT_ONLY_LEFT,
    .communication_format = I2S_COMM_FORMAT_STAND_I2S,
    // .communication_format = I2S_COMM_FORMAT_I2S_MSB,
    .intr_alloc_flags = ESP_INTR_FLAG_LEVEL1,
    .dma_buf_count = 8,
    .dma_buf_len = 256,
    .use_apll = false,
    .tx_desc_auto_clear = false,
    .fixed_mclk = 0
  };

  i2s_pin_config_t pin_config = {
    .bck_io_num = I2S_SCK,
    .ws_io_num = I2S_WS,
    .data_out_num = I2S_PIN_NO_CHANGE,
    .data_in_num = I2S_SD
  };

  i2s_driver_install(I2S_NUM_0, &i2s_config, 0, NULL);
  i2s_set_pin(I2S_NUM_0, &pin_config);
  i2s_zero_dma_buffer(I2S_NUM_0);
}

void setup() {
  Serial.begin(115200);
  
  touch_pad_init();
  touch_pad_set_voltage(TOUCH_HVOLT_2V7, TOUCH_LVOLT_0V5, TOUCH_HVOLT_ATTEN_1V);
  touch_pad_config(TOUCH_PIN, 0);
  
  setup_i2s_mic();

  WiFi.begin(ssid, password);
  while (WiFi.status() != WL_CONNECTED) { delay(500); Serial.print("."); }
  Serial.printf("\nconnected, ip=%s\n", WiFi.localIP().toString().c_str());
  udp.begin(UDP_PORT);
  
  Serial.println("tap pin 13 to switch modes");
}

void loop() {
  static unsigned long last_send = 0; // timer
  static unsigned long last_touch_check = 0;  // timer
  static bool last_touch_state = false;
  static unsigned long last_dbg = 0; // timer
  static const unsigned long FRAME_INTERVAL = 20; // 20ms
  static const unsigned long TOUCH_CHECK_INTERVAL = 50; // check every 50ms
  
  // check touch state periodically
  unsigned long now = millis();
  if (now - last_touch_check > TOUCH_CHECK_INTERVAL) {
    uint16_t touch_val;
    touch_pad_read(TOUCH_PIN, &touch_val);
    bool touched = touch_val < TOUCH_THRESHOLD;
    
    // detect touch press (not hold)
    if (touched && !last_touch_state) {
      tone_mode = !tone_mode;
      Serial.printf("%s mode active\n", tone_mode ? "tone" : "mic");
      delay(300); // debounce
    }
    
    last_touch_state = touched;
    last_touch_check = now;
  }
  
  // only send if it's time
  if (now - last_send < FRAME_INTERVAL) {
    yield();
    return;
  }
  
  uint8_t packet[12 + FRAME_SIZE];
  int16_t samples[FRAME_SIZE];
  
  if (tone_mode) {
    // fixed tone generation with integer phase accumulator
    static uint32_t phase_acc = 0;
    const uint32_t phase_inc_int = (uint32_t)(TONE_HZ * (1ULL << 32) / OUTPUT_RATE);
    
    for (int i = 0; i < FRAME_SIZE; i++) {
      float phase = (phase_acc >> 16) * (2.0 * M_PI / 65536.0);
      samples[i] = (int16_t)(16000.0 * sinf(phase));
      phase_acc += phase_inc_int;
    }
    
  } else {

    // read 320 mic samples @16khz, decimate by 2 -> 160 samples @8khz
    int32_t mic_buf[FRAME_SIZE * 2];

    size_t bytes_read = 0;
    i2s_read(I2S_NUM_0, mic_buf, sizeof(mic_buf), &bytes_read, portMAX_DELAY);
    for (int i = 0; i < FRAME_SIZE; i++) {
      samples[i] = 0;
    }

    if (bytes_read >= 16 * sizeof(int32_t) && millis() - last_dbg > 500) {
      Serial.println("first 16 raw words:");
      for (int i = 0; i < 16; i++) {
        Serial.printf("%2d: 0x%08lx\n", i, (uint32_t)mic_buf[i]);
      }
      last_dbg = millis();
    }
  }
  for (int i = 0; i < FRAME_SIZE; i++) {
    packet[12 + i] = linear2ulaw(samples[i]);
  }

  rtp_hdr* hdr = (rtp_hdr*)packet;
  hdr->vpxcc = 0x80;
  hdr->mpt   = 0x00;
  hdr->seq   = htons(seq++);
  hdr->ts    = htonl(ts);
  hdr->ssrc  = htonl(0x12345678);

  udp.beginPacket(DEST_IP, UDP_PORT);
  udp.write(packet, sizeof(packet));
  udp.endPacket();

  ts += FRAME_SIZE;
  last_send = now;

  yield();
}

to add

dc gain dc = dc * 0.999f + x * 0.001f; x -= dc;

low pass filter lpf = lpf * 0.7f + x * 0.3f;

gain float y = x * 2.0f; before adding gains:

  #include <WiFi.h>
#include <WiFiUdp.h>
#include <math.h>
#include <driver/i2s.h>
#include <driver/touch_pad.h>

const char* ssid = "Fios-8EKF5";
const char* password = "hero816cars7050jon";
const char* DEST_IP = "192.168.1.190";
const int UDP_PORT = 5004;

const int OUTPUT_RATE = 8000; // 8kHz rtp payload rate
const int MIC_RATE = 16000;   // capture rate inmp441
const int FRAME_SIZE  = 160;  // 20ms frames @ 8kHz
const float TONE_HZ   = 440.0;

const touch_pad_t TOUCH_PIN = TOUCH_PAD_NUM4; // gpio13
const int TOUCH_THRESHOLD = 800; // adjust as needed

// inmp441 pins - change as needed
const int I2S_WS  = 25; // 
const int I2S_SCK = 22; // 
const int I2S_SD  = 21; // data from mic to esp32 

WiFiUDP udp;
uint16_t seq = 0;
uint32_t ts = 0;
bool tone_mode = true; // start with tone

struct rtp_hdr {
  uint8_t vpxcc;
  uint8_t mpt;
  uint16_t seq;
  uint32_t ts;
  uint32_t ssrc;
};

static const int16_t exp_lut[256] = {
  0,0,1,1,2,2,2,2,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,
  5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,
  6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,
  6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,
  7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,
  7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,
  7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,
  7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7
};

uint8_t linear2ulaw(int16_t pcm_val) {
  int sign = (pcm_val >> 8) & 0x80;
  if (sign) pcm_val = (short)-pcm_val;
  if (pcm_val > 32635) pcm_val = 32635;
  pcm_val = pcm_val + 0x84;
  int exponent = exp_lut[(pcm_val >> 7) & 0xFF];
  int mantissa = (pcm_val >> (exponent + 3)) & 0x0F;
  return ~(sign | (exponent << 4) | mantissa);
}

void setup_i2s_mic() {
  i2s_config_t i2s_config = {
    .mode = (i2s_mode_t)(I2S_MODE_MASTER | I2S_MODE_RX),
    .sample_rate = MIC_RATE,
    .bits_per_sample = I2S_BITS_PER_SAMPLE_32BIT,
    .channel_format = I2S_CHANNEL_FMT_ONLY_LEFT,
    .communication_format = I2S_COMM_FORMAT_STAND_I2S,
    // .communication_format = I2S_COMM_FORMAT_I2S_MSB,
    .intr_alloc_flags = ESP_INTR_FLAG_LEVEL1,
    .dma_buf_count = 8,
    .dma_buf_len = 256,
    .use_apll = false,
    .tx_desc_auto_clear = false,
    .fixed_mclk = 0
  };

  i2s_pin_config_t pin_config = {
    .bck_io_num = I2S_SCK,
    .ws_io_num = I2S_WS,
    .data_out_num = I2S_PIN_NO_CHANGE,
    .data_in_num = I2S_SD
  };

  i2s_driver_install(I2S_NUM_0, &i2s_config, 0, NULL);
  i2s_set_pin(I2S_NUM_0, &pin_config);
  i2s_zero_dma_buffer(I2S_NUM_0);
}

void setup() {
  Serial.begin(115200);
  
  touch_pad_init();
  touch_pad_set_voltage(TOUCH_HVOLT_2V7, TOUCH_LVOLT_0V5, TOUCH_HVOLT_ATTEN_1V);
  touch_pad_config(TOUCH_PIN, 0);
  
  setup_i2s_mic();

  WiFi.begin(ssid, password);
  while (WiFi.status() != WL_CONNECTED) { delay(500); Serial.print("."); }
  Serial.printf("\nconnected, ip=%s\n", WiFi.localIP().toString().c_str());
  udp.begin(UDP_PORT);
  
  Serial.println("tap pin 13 to switch modes");
}

void loop() {
  static unsigned long last_send = 0; // timer
  static unsigned long last_touch_check = 0;  // timer
  static bool last_touch_state = false;
  static unsigned long last_dbg = 0; // timer
  static const unsigned long FRAME_INTERVAL = 20; // 20ms
  static const unsigned long TOUCH_CHECK_INTERVAL = 50; // check every 50ms
  
  // check touch state periodically
  unsigned long now = millis();
  if (now - last_touch_check > TOUCH_CHECK_INTERVAL) {
    uint16_t touch_val;
    touch_pad_read(TOUCH_PIN, &touch_val);
    bool touched = touch_val < TOUCH_THRESHOLD;
    
    // detect touch press (not hold)
    if (touched && !last_touch_state) {
      tone_mode = !tone_mode;
      Serial.printf("%s mode active\n", tone_mode ? "tone" : "mic");
      delay(300); // debounce
    }
    
    last_touch_state = touched;
    last_touch_check = now;
  }
  
  // only send if it's time
  if (now - last_send < FRAME_INTERVAL) {
    yield();
    return;
  }
  
  uint8_t packet[12 + FRAME_SIZE];
  int16_t samples[FRAME_SIZE];
  
  if (tone_mode) {
    // fixed tone generation with integer phase accumulator
    static uint32_t phase_acc = 0;
    const uint32_t phase_inc_int = (uint32_t)(TONE_HZ * (1ULL << 32) / OUTPUT_RATE);
    
    for (int i = 0; i < FRAME_SIZE; i++) {
      float phase = (phase_acc >> 16) * (2.0 * M_PI / 65536.0);
      samples[i] = (int16_t)(16000.0 * sinf(phase));
      phase_acc += phase_inc_int;
    }
    
  } else {

    // read 320 mic samples @16khz, decimate by 2 -> 160 samples @8khz
    int32_t mic_buf[FRAME_SIZE * 2];
    size_t bytes_read = 0;

    i2s_read(I2S_NUM_0, mic_buf, sizeof(mic_buf), &bytes_read, portMAX_DELAY);
    
    for (int i = 0; i < FRAME_SIZE; i++) {
    // decimate 16k → 8k
    int32_t raw = mic_buf[i * 2] >> 16;   // decimate 16k -> 8k by keeping every other sample
    if (raw > 32767) raw = 32767;
    if (raw < -32768) raw = -32768;
    samples[i] = (int16_t)raw;
    }
  }
  for (int i = 0; i < FRAME_SIZE; i++) {
    packet[12 + i] = linear2ulaw(samples[i]);
  }

  rtp_hdr* hdr = (rtp_hdr*)packet;
  hdr->vpxcc = 0x80;
  hdr->mpt   = 0x00;
  hdr->seq   = htons(seq++);
  hdr->ts    = htonl(ts);
  hdr->ssrc  = htonl(0x12345678);

  udp.beginPacket(DEST_IP, UDP_PORT);
  udp.write(packet, sizeof(packet));
  udp.endPacket();

  ts += FRAME_SIZE;
  last_send = now;

  yield();
}

after gains SUCCESS IWTH SOUND!

  #include <WiFi.h>
#include <WiFiUdp.h>
#include <math.h>
#include <driver/i2s.h>
#include <driver/touch_pad.h>

const char* ssid = "Fios-8EKF5";
const char* password = "hero816cars7050jon";
const char* DEST_IP = "192.168.1.190";
const int UDP_PORT = 5004;

const int OUTPUT_RATE = 8000; // 8kHz rtp payload rate
const int MIC_RATE = 16000;   // capture rate inmp441
const int FRAME_SIZE  = 160;  // 20ms frames @ 8kHz
const float TONE_HZ   = 440.0;

const touch_pad_t TOUCH_PIN = TOUCH_PAD_NUM4; // gpio13
const int TOUCH_THRESHOLD = 800; // adjust as needed

// inmp441 pins - change as needed
const int I2S_WS  = 25; // 
const int I2S_SCK = 22; // 
const int I2S_SD  = 21; // data from mic to esp32 

WiFiUDP udp;
uint16_t seq = 0;
uint32_t ts = 0;
bool tone_mode = true; // start with tone

struct rtp_hdr {
  uint8_t vpxcc;
  uint8_t mpt;
  uint16_t seq;
  uint32_t ts;
  uint32_t ssrc;
};

static const int16_t exp_lut[256] = {
  0,0,1,1,2,2,2,2,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,
  5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,
  6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,
  6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,
  7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,
  7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,
  7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,
  7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7
};

uint8_t linear2ulaw(int16_t pcm_val) {
  int sign = (pcm_val >> 8) & 0x80;
  if (sign) pcm_val = (short)-pcm_val;
  if (pcm_val > 32635) pcm_val = 32635;
  pcm_val = pcm_val + 0x84;
  int exponent = exp_lut[(pcm_val >> 7) & 0xFF];
  int mantissa = (pcm_val >> (exponent + 3)) & 0x0F;
  return ~(sign | (exponent << 4) | mantissa);
}

void setup_i2s_mic() {
  i2s_config_t i2s_config = {
    .mode = (i2s_mode_t)(I2S_MODE_MASTER | I2S_MODE_RX),
    .sample_rate = MIC_RATE,
    .bits_per_sample = I2S_BITS_PER_SAMPLE_32BIT,
    .channel_format = I2S_CHANNEL_FMT_ONLY_LEFT,
    .communication_format = I2S_COMM_FORMAT_STAND_I2S,
    // .communication_format = I2S_COMM_FORMAT_I2S_MSB,
    .intr_alloc_flags = ESP_INTR_FLAG_LEVEL1,
    .dma_buf_count = 8,
    .dma_buf_len = 256,
    .use_apll = false,
    .tx_desc_auto_clear = false,
    .fixed_mclk = 0
  };

  i2s_pin_config_t pin_config = {
    .bck_io_num = I2S_SCK,
    .ws_io_num = I2S_WS,
    .data_out_num = I2S_PIN_NO_CHANGE,
    .data_in_num = I2S_SD
  };

  i2s_driver_install(I2S_NUM_0, &i2s_config, 0, NULL);
  i2s_set_pin(I2S_NUM_0, &pin_config);
  i2s_zero_dma_buffer(I2S_NUM_0);
}

void setup() {
  Serial.begin(115200);
  
  touch_pad_init();
  touch_pad_set_voltage(TOUCH_HVOLT_2V7, TOUCH_LVOLT_0V5, TOUCH_HVOLT_ATTEN_1V);
  touch_pad_config(TOUCH_PIN, 0);
  
  setup_i2s_mic();

  WiFi.begin(ssid, password);
  while (WiFi.status() != WL_CONNECTED) { delay(500); Serial.print("."); }
  Serial.printf("\nconnected, ip=%s\n", WiFi.localIP().toString().c_str());
  udp.begin(UDP_PORT);
  
  Serial.println("tap pin 13 to switch modes");
}

void loop() {
  static unsigned long last_send = 0; // timer
  static unsigned long last_touch_check = 0;  // timer
  static bool last_touch_state = false;
  static unsigned long last_dbg = 0; // timer
  static const unsigned long FRAME_INTERVAL = 20; // 20ms
  static const unsigned long TOUCH_CHECK_INTERVAL = 50; // check every 50ms
  
  // check touch state periodically
  unsigned long now = millis();
  if (now - last_touch_check > TOUCH_CHECK_INTERVAL) {
    uint16_t touch_val;
    touch_pad_read(TOUCH_PIN, &touch_val);
    bool touched = touch_val < TOUCH_THRESHOLD;
    
    // detect touch press (not hold)
    if (touched && !last_touch_state) {
      tone_mode = !tone_mode;
      Serial.printf("%s mode active\n", tone_mode ? "tone" : "mic");
      delay(300); // debounce
    }
    
    last_touch_state = touched;
    last_touch_check = now;
  }
  
  // only send if it's time
  if (now - last_send < FRAME_INTERVAL) {
    yield();
    return;
  }
  
  uint8_t packet[12 + FRAME_SIZE];
  int16_t samples[FRAME_SIZE];
  
  if (tone_mode) {
    // fixed tone generation with integer phase accumulator
    static uint32_t phase_acc = 0;
    const uint32_t phase_inc_int = (uint32_t)(TONE_HZ * (1ULL << 32) / OUTPUT_RATE);
    
    for (int i = 0; i < FRAME_SIZE; i++) {
      float phase = (phase_acc >> 16) * (2.0 * M_PI / 65536.0);
      samples[i] = (int16_t)(16000.0 * sinf(phase));
      phase_acc += phase_inc_int;
    }
    
  } else {

    // read 320 mic samples @16khz, decimate by 2 -> 160 samples @8khz
    int32_t mic_buf[FRAME_SIZE * 2];
    size_t bytes_read = 0;
    i2s_read(I2S_NUM_0, mic_buf, sizeof(mic_buf), &bytes_read, portMAX_DELAY);
    
    //debug
    if (millis() - last_dbg > 500) {
      for (int i = 0; i < 8; i++) {
      Serial.printf("%d: 0x%08lx\n", i, (uint32_t)mic_buf[i]);
    }
      last_dbg = millis();
    } 
    //end debug

    for (int i = 0; i < FRAME_SIZE; i++) {
    // decimate 16k → 8k
    int32_t raw = mic_buf[i] >> 16;   // full send 
    // int32_t raw = mic_buf[i*2] >> 16;   // drop every other frame to get to 8k
    samples[i] = (int16_t)raw;
    }

    int16_t minv = 32767;
    int16_t maxv = -32768;

    for (int j = 0; j < FRAME_SIZE; j++) {
      if (samples[j] < minv) minv = samples[j];
      if (samples[j] > maxv) maxv = samples[j];
    }
    //debug2
    if (millis() - last_dbg > 500) {
    Serial.printf("mic range: %d .. %d\n", minv, maxv);
    }
    //end debug2
  }
  for (int i = 0; i < FRAME_SIZE; i++) {
    packet[12 + i] = linear2ulaw(samples[i]);
  }

  rtp_hdr* hdr = (rtp_hdr*)packet;
  hdr->vpxcc = 0x80;
  hdr->mpt   = 0x00;
  hdr->seq   = htons(seq++);
  hdr->ts    = htonl(ts);
  hdr->ssrc  = htonl(0x12345678);

  udp.beginPacket(DEST_IP, UDP_PORT);
  udp.write(packet, sizeof(packet));
  udp.endPacket();

  ts += FRAME_SIZE;
  last_send = now;

  yield();
}

likely slow bc of full send line:

   int32_t raw = mic_buf[i] >> 16;   // full send

done

  #include <WiFi.h>
#include <WiFiUdp.h>
#include <math.h>
#include <driver/i2s.h>
#include <driver/touch_pad.h>

const char* ssid = "Fios-8EKF5";
const char* password = "hero816cars7050jon";
const char* DEST_IP = "192.168.1.190";
const int UDP_PORT = 5004;

const int OUTPUT_RATE = 8000; // 8kHz rtp payload rate
const int MIC_RATE = 8000;   // capture rate inmp441
const int FRAME_SIZE  = 160;  // 20ms frames @ 8kHz
const float TONE_HZ   = 440.0;

const touch_pad_t TOUCH_PIN = TOUCH_PAD_NUM4; // gpio13
const int TOUCH_THRESHOLD = 500;

const int I2S_WS  = 25; 
const int I2S_SCK = 22; 
const int I2S_SD  = 21; 

WiFiUDP udp;
uint16_t seq = 0;
uint32_t ts = 0;
bool tone_mode = true; // start with tone

struct rtp_hdr {
  uint8_t vpxcc;
  uint8_t mpt;
  uint16_t seq;
  uint32_t ts;
  uint32_t ssrc;
};

static const int16_t exp_lut[256] = {
  0,0,1,1,2,2,2,2,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,
  5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,
  6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,
  6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,
  7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,
  7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,
  7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,
  7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7
};

uint8_t linear2ulaw(int16_t pcm_val) {
  int sign = (pcm_val >> 8) & 0x80;
  if (sign) pcm_val = (short)-pcm_val;
  if (pcm_val > 32635) pcm_val = 32635;
  pcm_val = pcm_val + 0x84;
  int exponent = exp_lut[(pcm_val >> 7) & 0xFF];
  int mantissa = (pcm_val >> (exponent + 3)) & 0x0F;
  return ~(sign | (exponent << 4) | mantissa);
}

void setup_i2s_mic() {
  i2s_config_t i2s_config = {
    .mode = (i2s_mode_t)(I2S_MODE_MASTER | I2S_MODE_RX),
    .sample_rate = MIC_RATE,
    .bits_per_sample = I2S_BITS_PER_SAMPLE_32BIT,
    .channel_format = I2S_CHANNEL_FMT_ONLY_LEFT,
    .communication_format = I2S_COMM_FORMAT_STAND_I2S,
    .intr_alloc_flags = ESP_INTR_FLAG_LEVEL1,
    .dma_buf_count = 8,
    .dma_buf_len = 256,
    .use_apll = false,
    .tx_desc_auto_clear = false,
    .fixed_mclk = 0
  };

  i2s_pin_config_t pin_config = {
    .bck_io_num = I2S_SCK,
    .ws_io_num = I2S_WS,
    .data_out_num = I2S_PIN_NO_CHANGE,
    .data_in_num = I2S_SD
  };

  i2s_driver_install(I2S_NUM_0, &i2s_config, 0, NULL);
  i2s_set_pin(I2S_NUM_0, &pin_config);
  i2s_zero_dma_buffer(I2S_NUM_0);
}

void setup() {
  Serial.begin(115200);
  
  touch_pad_init();
  touch_pad_set_voltage(TOUCH_HVOLT_2V7, TOUCH_LVOLT_0V5, TOUCH_HVOLT_ATTEN_1V);
  touch_pad_config(TOUCH_PIN, 0);
  
  setup_i2s_mic();

  WiFi.begin(ssid, password);
  while (WiFi.status() != WL_CONNECTED) { delay(500); Serial.print("."); }
  Serial.printf("\nconnected, ip=%s\n", WiFi.localIP().toString().c_str());
  udp.begin(UDP_PORT);
  
  Serial.println("tap pin 13 to switch modes");
}

void loop() {
  static unsigned long last_send = 0; // timer
  static unsigned long last_touch_check = 0;  // timer
  static bool last_touch_state = false;
  static unsigned long last_dbg = 0; // timer
  static const unsigned long FRAME_INTERVAL = 20; // 20ms
  static const unsigned long TOUCH_CHECK_INTERVAL = 50; // check every 50ms
  
  // check touch state periodically
  unsigned long now = millis();
  if (now - last_touch_check > TOUCH_CHECK_INTERVAL) {
    uint16_t touch_val;
    touch_pad_read(TOUCH_PIN, &touch_val);
    bool touched = touch_val < TOUCH_THRESHOLD;
    
    // detect touch press (not hold)
    if (touched && !last_touch_state) {
      tone_mode = !tone_mode;
      Serial.printf("%s mode active\n", tone_mode ? "tone" : "mic");
      delay(300); // debounce
    }
    
    last_touch_state = touched;
    last_touch_check = now;
  }
  
  // frame buffer
  if (now - last_send < FRAME_INTERVAL) {
    yield();
    return;
  }
  
  uint8_t packet[12 + FRAME_SIZE];
  int16_t samples[FRAME_SIZE];
  
  if (tone_mode) {
    // fixed tone generation with integer phase accumulator
    static uint32_t phase_acc = 0;
    const uint32_t phase_inc_int = (uint32_t)(TONE_HZ * (1ULL << 32) / OUTPUT_RATE);
    
    for (int i = 0; i < FRAME_SIZE; i++) {
      float phase = (phase_acc >> 16) * (2.0 * M_PI / 65536.0);
      samples[i] = (int16_t)(16000.0 * sinf(phase));
      phase_acc += phase_inc_int;
    }
    
  } else {
    int32_t mic_buf[FRAME_SIZE];
    size_t bytes_read = 0;
    i2s_read(I2S_NUM_0, mic_buf, sizeof(mic_buf), &bytes_read, portMAX_DELAY);

    for (int i = 0; i < FRAME_SIZE; i++) {
      float y = (mic_buf[i] >> 16) * 4.0f; //gain
      if (y > 32767.0f) y = 32767.0f;
      if (y < -32768.0f) y = -32768.0f;
      samples[i] = (int16_t)y;
    }

    int16_t minv = 32767;
    int16_t maxv = -32768;

    for (int j = 0; j < FRAME_SIZE; j++) {
      if (samples[j] < minv) minv = samples[j];
      if (samples[j] > maxv) maxv = samples[j];
    }
  }
  for (int i = 0; i < FRAME_SIZE; i++) {
    packet[12 + i] = linear2ulaw(samples[i]);
  }

  rtp_hdr* hdr = (rtp_hdr*)packet;
  hdr->vpxcc = 0x80;
  hdr->mpt   = 0x00;
  hdr->seq   = htons(seq++);
  hdr->ts    = htonl(ts);
  hdr->ssrc  = htonl(0x12345678);

  udp.beginPacket(DEST_IP, UDP_PORT);
  udp.write(packet, sizeof(packet));
  udp.endPacket();

  ts += FRAME_SIZE;
  last_send = now;

  yield();
}

Final Veersion mic.cpp

#include <WiFi.h>
#include <WiFiUdp.h>
#include <math.h>
#include <driver/i2s.h>
#include <driver/touch_pad.h>

const char* ssid = "Fios-8EKF5";
const char* password = "hero816cars7050jon";
const char* DEST_IP = "192.168.1.190";
const int UDP_PORT = 5004;

const int OUTPUT_RATE = 8000; // 8kHz rtp payload rate
const int MIC_RATE = 8000;   // capture rate inmp441
const int FRAME_SIZE  = 160;  // 20ms frames @ 8kHz
const float TONE_HZ   = 440.0;
const float MIC_GAIN = 4.0f;

const touch_pad_t TOUCH_PIN = TOUCH_PAD_NUM4; // gpio13
const int TOUCH_THRESHOLD = 500;

const int I2S_WS  = 25; 
const int I2S_SCK = 22; 
const int I2S_SD  = 21; 

WiFiUDP udp;
uint16_t seq = 0;
uint32_t ts = 0;
bool tone_mode = true; // start with tone

struct rtp_hdr {
  uint8_t vpxcc;
  uint8_t mpt;
  uint16_t seq;
  uint32_t ts;
  uint32_t ssrc;
};

static const int16_t exp_lut[256] = {
  0,0,1,1,2,2,2,2,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,3,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4,
  5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5,
  6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,
  6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,6,
  7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,
  7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,
  7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,
  7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7,7
};

uint8_t linear2ulaw(int16_t pcm_val) {
  int sign = (pcm_val >> 8) & 0x80;
  if (sign) pcm_val = (short)-pcm_val;
  if (pcm_val > 32635) pcm_val = 32635;
  pcm_val = pcm_val + 0x84;
  int exponent = exp_lut[(pcm_val >> 7) & 0xFF];
  int mantissa = (pcm_val >> (exponent + 3)) & 0x0F;
  return ~(sign | (exponent << 4) | mantissa);
}

void setup_i2s_mic() {
  i2s_config_t i2s_config = {
    .mode = (i2s_mode_t)(I2S_MODE_MASTER | I2S_MODE_RX),
    .sample_rate = MIC_RATE,
    .bits_per_sample = I2S_BITS_PER_SAMPLE_32BIT,
    .channel_format = I2S_CHANNEL_FMT_ONLY_LEFT,
    .communication_format = I2S_COMM_FORMAT_STAND_I2S,
    .intr_alloc_flags = ESP_INTR_FLAG_LEVEL1,
    .dma_buf_count = 8,
    .dma_buf_len = 256,
    .use_apll = false,
    .tx_desc_auto_clear = false,
    .fixed_mclk = 0
  };

  i2s_pin_config_t pin_config = {
    .bck_io_num = I2S_SCK,
    .ws_io_num = I2S_WS,
    .data_out_num = I2S_PIN_NO_CHANGE,
    .data_in_num = I2S_SD
  };

  i2s_driver_install(I2S_NUM_0, &i2s_config, 0, NULL);
  i2s_set_pin(I2S_NUM_0, &pin_config);
  i2s_zero_dma_buffer(I2S_NUM_0);
}

void setup() {
  Serial.begin(115200);
  
  touch_pad_init();
  touch_pad_set_voltage(TOUCH_HVOLT_2V7, TOUCH_LVOLT_0V5, TOUCH_HVOLT_ATTEN_1V);
  touch_pad_config(TOUCH_PIN, 0);
  
  setup_i2s_mic();

  WiFi.begin(ssid, password);
  while (WiFi.status() != WL_CONNECTED) { delay(500); Serial.print("."); }
  Serial.printf("\nconnected, ip=%s\n", WiFi.localIP().toString().c_str());
  udp.begin(UDP_PORT);
  
  Serial.println("tap pin 13 to switch modes");
}

void loop() {
  static unsigned long last_send = 0; // timer
  static unsigned long last_touch_check = 0;  // timer
  static bool last_touch_state = false;
  static const unsigned long FRAME_INTERVAL = 20; // 20ms
  static const unsigned long TOUCH_CHECK_INTERVAL = 50; // check every 50ms
  
  // check touch state periodically
  unsigned long now = millis();
  if (now - last_touch_check > TOUCH_CHECK_INTERVAL) {
    uint16_t touch_val;
    touch_pad_read(TOUCH_PIN, &touch_val);
    bool touched = touch_val < TOUCH_THRESHOLD;
    
    // detect touch press (not hold)
    if (touched && !last_touch_state) {
      tone_mode = !tone_mode;
      Serial.printf("%s mode active\n", tone_mode ? "tone" : "mic");
      delay(300); // debounce
    }
    
    last_touch_state = touched;
    last_touch_check = now;
  }
  
  // frame buffer
  if (now - last_send < FRAME_INTERVAL) {
    yield();
    return;
  }
  
  uint8_t packet[12 + FRAME_SIZE];
  int16_t samples[FRAME_SIZE];
  
  if (tone_mode) {
    // fixed tone generation with integer phase accumulator
    static uint32_t phase_acc = 0;
    const uint32_t phase_inc_int = (uint32_t)(TONE_HZ * (1ULL << 32) / OUTPUT_RATE);
    
    for (int i = 0; i < FRAME_SIZE; i++) {
      float phase = (phase_acc >> 16) * (2.0 * M_PI / 65536.0);
      samples[i] = (int16_t)(16000.0 * sinf(phase));
      phase_acc += phase_inc_int;
    }
    
  } else {
    int32_t mic_buf[FRAME_SIZE];
    size_t bytes_read = 0;
    i2s_read(I2S_NUM_0, mic_buf, sizeof(mic_buf), &bytes_read, portMAX_DELAY);

    if (bytes_read != sizeof(mic_buf)) {
      memset(samples, 0, sizeof(samples));
    } else {
      for (int i = 0; i < FRAME_SIZE; i++) {
        float y = (mic_buf[i] >> 16) * MIC_GAIN; //gain
        if (y > 32767.0f) y = 32767.0f;
        if (y < -32768.0f) y = -32768.0f;
        samples[i] = (int16_t)y;
      }
    }
  }
  for (int i = 0; i < FRAME_SIZE; i++) {
    packet[12 + i] = linear2ulaw(samples[i]);
  }

  rtp_hdr* hdr = (rtp_hdr*)packet;
  hdr->vpxcc = 0x80;
  hdr->mpt   = 0x00;
  hdr->seq   = htons(seq++);
  hdr->ts    = htonl(ts);
  hdr->ssrc  = htonl(0x12345678);

  udp.beginPacket(DEST_IP, UDP_PORT);
  udp.write(packet, sizeof(packet));
  udp.endPacket();

  ts += FRAME_SIZE;
  last_send = now;

  yield();
}

optimize:

TODOs

• add pot knob gain, middle at 4.0f
• web server interface/config - need to load wifi creds etc

try hardcoded station connect if fail, start softap + web portal from portal, optionally save new ssid/pwd and switch to station mode

webserver

  #include <WiFi.h>
#include <WebServer.h>
#include <Preferences.h>
#include <driver/touch_pad.h>

Preferences prefs;
WebServer server(80);

// touch pad used as boot override / setup trigger
const touch_pad_t touch_pin = TOUCH_PAD_NUM4; // gpio13
const int touch_threshold = 500;

// softap fallback
const char* ap_ssid = "baby-monitor-setup";
const char* ap_password = "setup1234";

// saved / editable config
String wifi_ssid = "";
String wifi_password = "";
String dest_ip_str = "192.168.1.190";
uint16_t udp_port = 5004;

bool config_mode = false;
const unsigned long wifi_connect_timeout_ms = 15000;

String html_escape(const String& s) {
  String out = s;
  out.replace("&", "&amp;");
  out.replace("<", "&lt;");
  out.replace(">", "&gt;");
  out.replace("\"", "&quot;");
  return out;
}

void load_config() {
  prefs.begin("bmcfg", true);
  wifi_ssid = prefs.getString("ssid", "");
  wifi_password = prefs.getString("pwd", "");
  dest_ip_str = prefs.getString("destip", "192.168.1.190");
  udp_port = prefs.getUShort("port", 5004);
  prefs.end();
}

void save_config(const String& ssid, const String& pwd, const String& dest_ip, uint16_t port) {
  prefs.begin("bmcfg", false);
  prefs.putString("ssid", ssid);
  prefs.putString("pwd", pwd);
  prefs.putString("destip", dest_ip);
  prefs.putUShort("port", port);
  prefs.end();
}

void clear_config() {
  prefs.begin("bmcfg", false);
  prefs.clear();
  prefs.end();
}

bool force_setup_requested() {
  // give touch pad a moment to settle
  delay(100);

  uint16_t touch_val = 0;
  touch_pad_read(touch_pin, &touch_val);

  Serial.printf("touch boot check: %u\n", touch_val);
  return touch_val < touch_threshold;
}

void handle_root() {
  String page =
    "<!doctype html>"
    "<html><head>"
    "<meta name='viewport' content='width=device-width,initial-scale=1'>"
    "<title>baby monitor setup</title>"
    "<style>"
    "body{font-family:sans-serif;max-width:520px;margin:2rem auto;padding:0 1rem;}"
    "input{width:100%;padding:.6rem;margin:.2rem 0 1rem 0;box-sizing:border-box;}"
    "button{padding:.7rem 1rem;margin-right:.5rem;}"
    "code{background:#eee;padding:.1rem .3rem;}"
    "</style>"
    "</head><body>"
    "<h2>baby monitor setup</h2>"
    "<p>connect to ap <code>" + String(ap_ssid) + "</code> then browse to <code>192.168.4.1</code>.</p>"
    "<form method='post' action='/save'>"
    "<label>wifi ssid</label>"
    "<input name='ssid' value='" + html_escape(wifi_ssid) + "'>"
    "<label>wifi password</label>"
    "<input name='pwd' type='password' value='" + html_escape(wifi_password) + "'>"
    "<label>destination ip</label>"
    "<input name='destip' value='" + html_escape(dest_ip_str) + "'>"
    "<label>udp port</label>"
    "<input name='port' value='" + String(udp_port) + "'>"
    "<button type='submit'>save and reboot</button>"
    "</form>"
    "<form method='post' action='/clear' onsubmit='return confirm(\"clear saved config?\");'>"
    "<button type='submit'>clear saved config</button>"
    "</form>"
    "<p><a href='/status'>status json</a></p>"
    "</body></html>";

  server.send(200, "text/html", page);
}

void handle_status() {
  String json = "{";
  json += "\"config_mode\":" + String(config_mode ? "true" : "false") + ",";
  json += "\"ap_ssid\":\"" + String(ap_ssid) + "\",";
  json += "\"saved_ssid\":\"" + html_escape(wifi_ssid) + "\",";
  json += "\"dest_ip\":\"" + html_escape(dest_ip_str) + "\",";
  json += "\"udp_port\":" + String(udp_port);
  json += "}";

  server.send(200, "application/json", json);
}

bool valid_ipv4(const String& s) {
  IPAddress ip;
  return ip.fromString(s);
}

void handle_save() {
  String new_ssid = server.arg("ssid");
  String new_pwd = server.arg("pwd");
  String new_dest = server.arg("destip");
  uint16_t new_port = (uint16_t)server.arg("port").toInt();

  if (new_ssid.length() == 0) {
    server.send(400, "text/plain", "ssid required");
    return;
  }

  if (!valid_ipv4(new_dest)) {
    server.send(400, "text/plain", "invalid destination ip");
    return;
  }

  if (new_port == 0) {
    server.send(400, "text/plain", "invalid udp port");
    return;
  }

  save_config(new_ssid, new_pwd, new_dest, new_port);

  server.send(200, "text/html",
    "<html><body><h3>saved. rebooting...</h3></body></html>");
  delay(1000);
  esp_restart();
}

void handle_clear() {
  clear_config();
  server.send(200, "text/html",
    "<html><body><h3>config cleared. rebooting...</h3></body></html>");
  delay(1000);
  esp_restart();
}

void start_config_ap() {
  config_mode = true;

  WiFi.disconnect(true, true);
  delay(250);

  WiFi.mode(WIFI_AP);
  WiFi.softAP(ap_ssid, ap_password);

  IPAddress ip = WiFi.softAPIP();
  Serial.printf("config ap active\n");
  Serial.printf("  ssid: %s\n", ap_ssid);
  Serial.printf("  pass: %s\n", ap_password);
  Serial.printf("  ip:   %s\n", ip.toString().c_str());

  server.on("/", HTTP_GET, handle_root);
  server.on("/save", HTTP_POST, handle_save);
  server.on("/clear", HTTP_POST, handle_clear);
  server.on("/status", HTTP_GET, handle_status);
  server.begin();
}

bool try_connect_wifi() {
  if (wifi_ssid.length() == 0) {
    Serial.println("no saved wifi ssid");
    return false;
  }

  WiFi.disconnect(true, true);
  delay(250);

  WiFi.mode(WIFI_STA);
  WiFi.begin(wifi_ssid.c_str(), wifi_password.c_str());

  Serial.printf("connecting to wifi: %s\n", wifi_ssid.c_str());

  unsigned long start = millis();
  while (WiFi.status() != WL_CONNECTED &&
         millis() - start < wifi_connect_timeout_ms) {
    delay(500);
    Serial.print(".");
  }
  Serial.println();

  if (WiFi.status() == WL_CONNECTED) {
    Serial.printf("connected\n");
    Serial.printf("  ip: %s\n", WiFi.localIP().toString().c_str());
    Serial.printf("  dest ip: %s\n", dest_ip_str.c_str());
    Serial.printf("  udp port: %u\n", udp_port);
    return true;
  }

  Serial.println("wifi connect failed");
  return false;
}

void setup() {
  Serial.begin(115200);
  delay(200);

  touch_pad_init();
  touch_pad_set_voltage(TOUCH_HVOLT_2V7, TOUCH_LVOLT_0V5, TOUCH_HVOLT_ATTEN_1V);
  touch_pad_config(touch_pin, 0);

  load_config();

  if (force_setup_requested()) {
    Serial.println("force setup mode requested");
    start_config_ap();
    return;
  }

  if (!try_connect_wifi()) {
    start_config_ap();
  }
}

void loop() {
  if (config_mode) {
    server.handleClient();
    delay(2);
    return;
  }

  // placeholder for later normal-mode behavior
  static unsigned long last_print = 0;
  if (millis() - last_print > 5000) {
    Serial.printf("normal mode alive. wifi=%s ip=%s dest=%s:%u\n",
      wifi_ssid.c_str(),
      WiFi.localIP().toString().c_str(),
      dest_ip_str.c_str(),
      udp_port);
    last_print = millis();
  }

  delay(10);
}